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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1627020. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1627020

Figure 4.

Six panels (A–F) show KEGG pathway enrichment and impact analyses from WGCNA and MR-integrated results. Panels A, C, and E are bar plots showing enriched KEGG terms ranked by enrichment scores; key pathways include purine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and glycine–serine–threonine metabolism. Panels B, D, and F are corresponding bubble plots showing pathway impact vs. –log(p), where bubble size reflects metabolite count. Glycine–serine–threonine and purine pathways consistently show high impact and significance across methods.

Pathway enrichment and pathway impact analysis. (A) Pathway enrichment analysis of WGCNA results from combined LC/GC-MS data. (B) Pathway impact analysis of WGCNA results from combined LC/GC-MS data. (C) Pathway enrichment analysis of positive metabolites from MR analysis. (D) Pathway impact analysis of positive metabolites from MR analysis. (E) Pathway enrichment analysis of metabolites from LC/GC-MS, WGCNA metabolites, and MR-positive metabolites. (F) Pathway impact analysis of metabolites from LC/GC-MS, WGCNA metabolites, and MR-positive metabolites.