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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1627020. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1627020

Table 1.

Baseline sociodemographic variables of the included population (N=98).

Characteristic DD (n=49) ND (n=49) p Value
Age (years) 72.10 ± 5.12 73.47 ± 4.49 0.163
Sex (%) 0.671
Male 36.7 32.7
Female 63.3 67.3
Smoking (%) 0.727
No 91.8 89.8
Yes 8.2 10.2
Drinking (%) 0.133
No 85.7 73.5
Yes 14.3 26.5
BMI (kg/m²) 23.64 ± 3.59 24.27 ± 3.89 0.412
IPAQ (Met-min/wk) 5977.30 ± 5977.31 6385.78 ± 5391.08 0.712
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 5.23 ± 0.94 5.29 ± 1.06 0.748
Triglycerides (mmol/L) 1.32 ± 0.70 1.27 ± 0.72 0.732
HDL (mmol/L) 1.41 ± 0.77 1.51 ± 0.39 0.129
LDL (mmol/L) 3.38 ± 0.78 3.39 ± 0.99 0.919
Number of diseases
Diabetes (%) 0.316
No 75.5 83.7
Yes 24.5 16.3
Hypertension (%) 0.667
No 30.6 34.7
Yes 69.4 65.3
Hyperlipidemia (%) 0.505
No 87.8 91.8
Yes 12.2 8.2
Stroke 0.277
No 63.3 73.5
Yes 36.7 26.5
Heart disease (%) 0.671
No 63.3 73.5
Yes 36.7 26.5
MMSE 24.69 ± 4.67 23.94 ± 4.80 0.432
GDS score 14.71 ± 3.57 4.90 ± 2.37 <0.001

*DD, depression; ND, non-depression; BMI, body mass index; IPAQ, international physical activity questionnaire; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination; GDS, score Geriatric Depression Scale score.