Table 5.
Self-report questionnaires.
| Variable | 13–15 years (n = 22) | 16–19 years (n = 24) | ≥20 years (n = 61) | Overall (n= 107) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosed GD, n (%) | 18 (86%) | 16 (67%) | 50 (83%) | 84 (80%) |
| GDT, M (SD) | 11.4 (4.9) | 10.9 (4.1) | 14.7 (4.5) | 13.2 (4.8) |
| Above cut-off, n (%) | 3 (15%) | 3 (13%) | 25 (43%) | 31 (30%) |
| Missing | 2 | 0 | 3 | 5 |
| IGDS9-SF, M (SD) | 22.1 (7.4) | 22.7 (5.9) | 30.3 (8.3) | 26.9 (8.5) |
| Above cut-off ≥ 32, n (%) | 2 (11%) | 2 (8%) | 31 (54%) | 35 (35%) |
| Missing | 3 | 0 | 4 | 7 |
| GAIT, M (SD) | 40.3 (9.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| Above cut-off, n (%) | 20 (95%) | |||
| Missing | 2 | |||
| BSMAS, M (SD) | 9.3 (3.8) | 10.9 (3.9) | 12.8 (5.0) | 11.6 (4.7) |
| Above cut-off ≥ 26, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3%) | 1 (1%) |
| Missing | 6 | 10 | 21 | 37 |
| CORE-OM, M (SD) | NA | 10.0 (3.5) | 16.4 (6.2) | 14.5 (6.3) |
| Moderate distress ≥ 15, n (%) | NA | 1 (5%) | 33 (61%) | 34 (45%) |
| Missing | NA | 2 | 7 | 9 |
| RCADS, T-score (parent-rated) | ||||
| Depression & Anxiety, M (SD) | 49.5 (10.7) | NA | NA | NA |
| Above cut-off ≥ 65, n (%) | 1 (5%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Subscale anxiety, M (SD) | 45.1 (9.7) | NA | NA | NA |
| Subscale depression, M (SD) | 62.2 (13.1) | NA | NA | NA |
| Missing | 4 | |||
| RCADS, T-score (child-rated) | ||||
| Depression & Anxiety, M (SD) | 45.5 (11.3) | NA | NA | NA |
| Above cut-off ≥ 65, n (%) | 2 (11%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Subscale anxiety, M (SD) | 44.1 (10.7) | NA | NA | NA |
| Subscale depression, M (SD) | 51.6 (12.2) | NA | NA | NA |
| Missing | 5 | |||
| ASRS, M (SD) | 10.0 (4.9) | 10.9 (4.9) | 13.2 (5.1) | 12.2 (5.1) |
| Above cut-off ≥ 15, n (%) | 3 (25%) | 6 (25%) | 24 (43%) | 33 (36%) |
| Missing | 10 | 0 | 5 | 15 |
| SNAP-IV | ||||
| Inattention, M (SD) | 16.2 (7.1) | NA | NA | NA |
| Hyperactivity/Impulsivity M (SD) | 8.1 (7.2) | NA | NA | NA |
| Oppositional DD, M (SD) | 11.0 (6.7) | NA | NA | NA |
| Above cut-off ADHD M≥ 1.67, n (%) | 14 (74%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Missing | 3 | |||
| RAADS-14, M (SD) | 15.4 (16.8) | 14.7 (9.6) | 15.1 (10.1) | 15.0 (10.8) |
| Above cut-off ≥ 14, n (%) | 5 (46%) | 14 (58%) | 31 (55%) | 50 (55%) |
| Missing | 11 | 0 | 5 | 16 |
| AQ, M (SD) | 25.1 (4.1) | NA | NA | NA |
| Above cut-off ≥ 6, n (%) | 8 (42%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Missing | 3 | |||
| AUDIT-C, M (SD) | 0.1 (0.3) | 1.5 (2.0) | 2.6 (2.0) | 1.8(2.0) |
| Alcohol dependence ≥ 6, n (%) | 0 | 1 (4%) | 4 (7%) | 5 (5%) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| DUDIT | ||||
| Use now (ex. tobacco), n (%) | 0 | 1 (4%) | 4 (7%) | 5 (5%) |
| Used before (ex. tobacco), n (%) | 0 | 0 | 3 (5%) | 3 (3%) |
| Use now tobacco, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 17 (29%) | 17 (16%) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| NODS-PERC | ||||
| Risk-gambling ≥ 1, n (%) | 0 | 11 (46%) | 15 (27%) | 26 (26%) |
| Missing | 6 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| GAF, M (SD) | 56.2 (11.4) | 58.0 (9.5) | 54.3 (12.5) | 55.5 (11.7) |
| Score ≤ 60 | 13 (62%) | 17 (71%) | 42 (70%) | 72 (69%) |
| Score ≤ 70 | 19 (91%) | 21 (88%) | 54 (90% | 94 (90%) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Missing participant responses were imputed using the participant’s median score for the scale, provided at least one response was available. GAF, Global assessment of functioning; AUDIT-C, Alcohol use disorder identification test-consumption; BSMAS, Bergen Social Media Abuse Scale; DUDIT, Drug use disorder identification test; NODS-PERC, National Opinion Research Center DSM Screen for Gambling Problems - Preoccupation, Escape, Chasing and Risked Relationships measure; ASRS, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale; RCADS, Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale; RAADS, Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale; CORE, Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation; GAIT, Gaming Addiction Identification Test.