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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1598864. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1598864

Table 2.

Non-matched characteristics.

Characteristic Cases (n=66) Controls (n=132) χ² p
History of alcohol or illicit drug abuse, n (%) 43 (65.2%) 85 (64.4%) 0.01 0.916
Pre-existing psychiatric diagnoses
 Mood or anxiety disorder, n (%) 46 (69.7%) 78 (59.1%) 2.15 0.147
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
n (%)
22 (33.3%) 6 (4.6%) 28.33 <0.001*
 Cluster B personality disorder, n (%) 34 (51.5%) 54 (4.1%) 2.00 0.158
 Psychotic disorder, n (%) 15 (22.7%) 49 (37.1%) 4.32 0.043*
 Intellectual disability, n (%) 26 (39.4%) 14 (10.7%) 21.48 <0.001*
Presenting complaint
 Suicidal ideation or attempt, n (%) 48 (72.7%) 67 (50.8%) 8.99 0.004*
 Abnormal behaviour or other, n (%) 18 (27.2%) 65 (49.2%)
Brought in by police, n (%) 25 (37.9%) 38 (28.8%) 1.65 0.197
Multiple presentations n (%) 44 (66.7%) 71 (53.8%) 3.04 0.085

*Significant p<0.05.