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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jul 28.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Biomater. 2025 Jul 28;203:346–357. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2025.07.061

Scheme 2.

Scheme 2.

In vitro blood loop is used for testing blood coagulation on catheter surfaces. (Left) A picture of blood loop set up. (Right) The catheter alignment in Tygon tube.