Table 2.

Theories and urban planning models related to the behavioral fields.

Planning theories	Brief description
Communicative & Collaborative Planning Theory	Communicative and Collaborative planning (CCP) is an approach to urban planning that brings together different stakeholders and engages them in collaborative decision-making by way of respect for the stand and attitude of all concerned. It is also referred to by planning practitioners as collaborative planning or the collaborative planning model. Collaborative and collaborative planning is a prevailing theory in planning in which multiple stakeholders come together to deliberate on common concerns and apply consensus-building and public participation methods to make policy decisions. This approach seeks to balance power among participants and increase public participation. It is about why urban areas are important to social, economic, and environmental policy and how political communities can organize themselves to improve the quality of life their places (Healey, 1997). However, Healey’s (1997) analysis of the collaborative planning paradigm is extensive and synthesizes numerous themes that are strongly linked to existing issues in planning theory and practice. The issues discussed include the following: Concepts of society Power dynamics Global economic reorganization and its regional implications Environmental conservation and traditional governance arrangements and practices Organizational structure Technocratic rule and the nature of expert knowledge Mediation in conflict resolution Spatial planning The critical theory component of Friedman’s (1987) planning paradigm is framed in the extensive scholarship of social mobilization in planning practice. In this corpus of research, there exist three dominant defining features of social mobilization: Emphasizing the importance of in-place collaboration The concept of planning as an explicit form of policy Research on transformational processes
Critical Pragmatism	Critical Pragmatism (CP) is an approach to planning and public policy developed by John Forster. The basic ideas of this approach are to view planning as restructuring communication between stakeholders with divergent and conflicting interests and significant disparities in power and influence. In this approach, the planner is viewed as a practical professional who facilitates inclusive and participatory forms of collective action rather than as a rational actor and decision maker.
Bounded Rationality Theory	Bounded rationality (BR) is the theory that when individuals make choices, rationality is constrained, and that rational agents will therefore choose a satisfactory rather than an optimal choice. The limiting factors are the problem complexity to be decided on, the mental capacity of the mind, and decision-making time. Some social-science models of human action assume that human beings can be satisfactorily approximated or modeled as ‘rational’ in the rational choice theory sense or as modeled by Downs’s political agency. Bounded rationality is an extension of ‘rationality as optimization’ that imagines decision-making as a process of complete rationality to reach an optimal solution for the information available. Therefore, it is possible to state that bounded rationality dissolves the paradox between human behavior’s alleged complete rationality (used by other economic theories) and the essence of human perception.
Collaborative Planning Theory	Collaborative Planning Theory addresses the common experience of community life to disclose planning issues to be addressed. It also exists in a form of direct communication with people, having a direct influence on planning outcomes. There are fewer field observations and data analysis in interactive planning because it occurs more through interpersonal interaction, typified by a two-way learning experience.