Table 11.
Summary of studies evaluating the anti-inflammatory effects of THY in veterinary species.
| Model/ system | Condition | THY doses/ administration | Key measurements | Main findings | References | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rat and mouse models | Ear Edema and Pleurisy | 10, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg | Edema volume, inflammatory cell migration, chemotaxis | Inhibits edema in pleurisy model but shows no effect on cell migration; enhances chemotaxis | (43) | 2012 |
| Paw Edema and Peritonitis | 10, 30, 100 mg/kg, i.p. | MPO activity, total leukocyte count, histology | Reduces paw edema and leukocyte infiltration; shows dose-dependent reduction in MPO activity and cell count | (105) | ||
| Hepatic damage model: hydrocortisone-induced inflammation | 3 mg/kg (oral) | TNF-α levels in serum and hepatic tissue | Decreases TNF-α; hypothesizes inhibition of TNF-α gene expression | (106) | 2015 | |
| Elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema | 30-min post-elastase, repeated doses on days 7, 14, 28 | IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, MMP-9, NF-κB, nitric oxide | Reduces emphysema, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress | (107) | 2016 | |
| LPS-induced endometritis | THY + LPS | TNF-α, IL-1β, MPO, NF-κB, ROS signaling | Alleviates MPO activity, TNF-α, IL-1β; suppresses NF-κB via TLR4, ROS | (41) | 2017 | |
| Induced immunomodulation | 10, 20, 40 mg/kg for 30 days | NTPDase, ADA enzyme activities | Decreases NTPDase activity; increases ADA activity at higher doses | (48) | 2018 | |
| LPS-induced acute lung injury | 20, 40, 80 mg/kg, i.p. | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MPO activity, NF-κB, Nrf2, HO-1 | Reduced inflammatory cytokines, MPO activity, NF-κB signaling; increased Nrf2, HO-1 | (108) | ||
| Drug-induced gastric ulcers | 75, 100, 250, 500 mg/kg, oral | Liver enzymes, TNF-α, eNOS, caspase-3, TOS/TAC | Reduces TNF-α, oxidative stress markers, and caspase-3 activation; optimal dose at 250 mg/kg | (109) | ||
| Acetic acid-induced colitis | THY: 10, 30, 100 mg/kg per day (oral) | Macroscopic and histopathologic investigations, MPO and TNF-α expression (IHC), pNF-κBp65 protein expression (Western blot) | Reduces mucosal and histological damage, inhibits MPO and TNF-α production, and decreases pNF-κBp65 expression, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects via NF-κB pathway inhibition | (110) | 2019 | |
| Weaned piglets | Healthy post-weaning piglets | EO's blend (18% THY, 0.01%) | IL-6, TNF-α | Decreases IL-6, higher TNF-α | (18) | 2012 |
| Post-weaning inflammation | 1:1 THY-CAR blend, 100 mg/kg | TNF-α mRNA expression in jejunum | Decreases TNF-α expression in jejunal mucosa | (15) | 2017 | |
| Broiler chickens | C. perfringens challenge | 25–25% blend with CAR | TLR2, IL-1β, TNF-α gene expression | Downregulates TLR2 and TNF-α; reduces inflammatory response | (111) | 2016 |
| Rabbit | High-fat diet-induced inflammation | 3 mg/kg/day, 6 mg/kg/day | VCAM-1, MCP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein | Reduces inflammatory markers, VCAM-1, MCP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α; reduced CRP | (112) | 2016 |
| In vitro | LPS-induced Inflammation | 10, 20, 40 μg/mL | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB, MAPK pathway | Reduces cytokines, COX-2, iNOS; blocks NF-κB and MAPK activation | (24) | 2013 |
| Th1/Th2 cytokine balance | 0.05, 0.5, 5 μM | Cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) | Decreases IL-2, increases IL-10/IL-2 ratio; suggests shift toward Th2 balance | (40) | ||
| LPS-induced inflammation | 20, 40 μM (cells), 25, 100 mg/kg (mice) | TNF-α, IL-1β levels | Inhibites TNF-α, IL-1β in cells; reduces TNF-α in mice, IL-1β effect less significant | (26) | 2018 | |
| LPS-induced inflammation | THY: 10 ppm and THEO: 20 ppm (6-h exposure) | FD4 paracellular permeability (PCP), gene expression (IL1β, IL6, IL8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, defensin, and cathelicidin-2) | THY and THEO reduce FD4 PCP (30 and 40%, respectively), decrease pro-inflammatory markers and enhance defensin and cathelicidin-2 expression | (113) | 2023 |