Table 13.
Effects of THY, THEO, and other THY-containing EOs on hemato-biochemical indices in animal models.
| Species | THY/Thyme formulation | Dose | Observed effects | References | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rats | THEO | Not specified | Decrease in RBC, Hb, lymphocyte%, and MCHC; increase in WBC, monocytes, granulocytes, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, albumin, and globulin; amelioration of Toxocara-induced changes | (118) | 2013 |
| THY | 30 mg/100 g bw | Reduces ALT and AST levels in hydrocortisone-induced damage animals | (106) | 2015 | |
| Rabbits | THY | 3–6 mg/kg | Reduces cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL; increases HDL with high-dose THY | (112) | 2016 |
| THY | 250 mg/kg feed, 21 days | Decreases ALP (p = 0.0183) and cholesterol (p = 0.0228); increases urea (p = 0.0079) upon withdrawal; decreases triglycerides in THY withdrawal group | (120) | 2020 | |
| Weaned pigs | Lippia origanoides-E. caryophyllata EOs (47.5% THY) | 67 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg blends | No changes in cortisol levels; increases plasma citrulline and disaccharidase activities in post-weaning stressed pigs | (20) | 2021 |
| Goats | THEO | 0.5–2 ml/kg feed | No significant effect on ALT; reduces AST at 0.5 ml/kg; decreases ALP at 2 ml/kg after 60 days | (14) | 2019 |
| EO's blend (10% THY, 10% CIN, others) | 0, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg for 42 days | Reduces total protein and plasma protein at 100 mg/kg; significant hematological changes | (123) | 2023 | |
| Dogs | THEO | Oral administration, 20% conc. | No significant changes in biochemical parameters except serum urea levels | (130) | 2023 |
| Broilers | THY-CAR | 0, 60, 100, 200 mg/kg diet | Increases trypsin, lipase, and protease activities in 24-day-old birds; no effect in 42-day-old birds | (125) | 2013 |
| THEO | 0, 5, 7.5 g/kg diet | Lowers serum protein, albumin, cholesterol, and triglyceride at 7.5 g/kg | (131) | ||
| THEO | 0.05–0.35 mg/kg | Increases serum proteins and globulins; decreases ALT, albumin-to-globulin ratio, and urea; improves HDL levels | (132) | 2014 | |
| Nigella seed EOs | 0.5–1.5 g/kg | Decreases plasma total protein, albumin, ALT, and ALP; variable plasma urea and creatinine; reduces lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and heterophile counts | (21) | 2015 | |
| THY + BA | THY: 100–200; BA: 1,000–2,000 mg/kg | No effect on albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, globulin, urea; increases lipase, lactase, and sucrose in jejunum | (133) | ||
| THP | 0.9% | Significant effects on all serum constituents except total protein, albumin, and HDL | (1) | 2017 | |
| THEO | 1–2 g/kg feed | Increases plasma protein and globulin; decreases albumin/globulin ratio, and AST; enhances WBC | (134) | ||
| THP | 0, 2, 5, 8 g/kg | Increases WBC, lymphocyte count, IgG, NO; decreases cholesterol, LDL; increases HDL | (135) | ||
| THP | 10–30 g/kg diet | Increases plasma total protein, hemoglobin, and MCH with high doses | (136) | 2018 | |
| THEO | 3 g/kg diet | Improves HDL in aflatoxin- and ochratoxin-contaminated diets | (137) | 2019 | |
| THY and other THY-containing EOs | Not specified | Significant increase in eosinophils, lymphocytes, basophils, and monocytes % (p < 0.05) in all supplemented groups; higher WBC, total protein, albumin, lower cholesterol, and triglycerides | (138) | 2020 | |
| EOs blend with THY (main compound, 3.05%) | 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg | Increases ileal sucrase activity (p < 0.05); quadratic increase in sucrase activity with EOs levels | (19) | 2021 | |
| THEO, OEO and other THY-containing E0's (star anise, rosemary) | 25 mg/kg, THY = 1.02 mg/kg | Increases trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase activities in EOs plus saponins group | (139) | ||
| Laying hens | THP | 0, 3, 6, 9 g/kg diet | Reduces triglycerides, LDL; lowers total cholesterol with 3 g/kg THP | (128) | 2015 |
| THEO + peppermint EOs | 100 mg/kg | Decreases serum cholesterol; increases eggshell thickness and Haugh unit in cold-stressed hens | (140) | 2016 | |
| Quail | THEO + savory EO | 200–400 ppm | Reduces triglycerides in both sexes; decreases cholesterol in males | (141) | 2018 |
| THEO | 400 ppm | Decreases triglycerides in male birds at high concentrations | (80) | 2019 | |
| Ducks | THEO | 50–100 mg/kg | No significant effect on serum protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, or AST | (142) | 2019 |
| Pigeons | THY | 40 mg/kg bw for 15 days | Decreases ALT and AST in THY-treated infected birds; no significant changes in albumin, creatinine, or electrolyte levels | (143) | 2020 |
| Tilapia | THEO | 1% | Enhances hematocrit, WBC, RBC, neutrophil, and monocyte counts | (144) | 2014 |
| Rainbow trout | THEO and fennel EO blend | 10 ml·100 g−1 (1-week supplementation) | Enhance bactericidal activity, increase total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and bilirubin; decrease plasma glucose; increase K, Na, Ca, and Mg levels; decrease Cl levels | (145) | 2013 |
| THY | 2–2.5 g | Increases Hb, RBC, hematocrit, WBC at higher doses; enhances protease and lipase activities; no significant amylase changes | (146) | 2022 | |
| Tambaqui | THEO (THY = 55.9%) | 50 mg/L | Loweres glucose levels post-anesthesia; increases glucose upon recovery | (147) | 2022 |
| Common carp | THP | 0.5–2% | Increases RBC, Hb, PCV, WBC; highest Hb, and PCV with 1.5% THP | (90) | 2017 |
| THP (THY concentration not reported) | 2% for 30 days | Modulates erythrogram indices altered by lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide exposure; no significant differences in Hb, RBC count, PCV%, and MCV without insecticide | (13) | 2020 | |
| African catfish | THEO | 500 ppm for 1 month | Reduces hepatorenal damage in thiamethoxam-intoxicated fish; partial restoration of serum hepatic enzymes and creatinine | (148) | 2020 |