Table 15.
Disease resistance effects of THY, THEO, and different blend supplementation in animal models.
| Species | THY/EO formulation | Dose | Observed effects | References | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rats | THY | 30 mg/100 g bw | Protects liver from hydrocortisone-induced damage and restores normal liver architecture | (106) | 2015 |
| Pigs | THY | 100–400 mg/kg | Reduces pancreatic cell damage in rats treated with THY and ketoprofen | (153) | 2019 |
| THY-β-D-glucopyranoside (TBG) | 6 or 18 mg/kg | Minimal effect on Salmonella spp., E. coli, or Campylobacter spp. concentrations in gut | (85) | 2021 | |
| Bovine | THY | 16–64 mg/mL | Inhibites S. aureus internalization in mammary epithelial cells; reduces NF-kB activation and nitric oxide production | (45) | 2014 |
| Rabbits | THEO | 500 mg/kg, 5 days | Enhances IgG antibody response against Eimeria stiedae | (154) | 2020 |
| Broiler chickens | THY-CIN blend | 50–100 mg/kg, 42 days | Reduces Salmonella spp. colonization in cecum at slaughter in birds given 50 mg/kg; highest colonization in control birds | (155) | 2014 |
| THY and THY-CAR | 0.25–2% | Reduces Campylobacter spp. counts in broiler chickens with 0.25% THY and 0.5% THY-CAR | (156) | ||
| THY-CAR | 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg | Enhances immune response with higher Newcastle Disease Virus antibody titers in chickens given 120 and 240 mg/kg doses | (111) | 2016 | |
| Microencapsulated THY, CAR, sorbic acid | 1 g/ton (initial phase), 2 g/ton (final phase) | Reduces Salmonella spp. serovar counts in liver and cecum; increases final body weight in treated chickens | (157) | 2023 | |
| Japanese quail | THY | 80 mg/quail per day | Increases globulins and decreased antibody titers; reduced stress-induced heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in heat-exposed quail | (158) | 2019 |
| Tilapia | THEO | 1% | Enhances phagocytic activity and lower St. iniae mortality | (144) | 2014 |
| THEO | 0.5–2 ml/kg | At 0.5 ml/kg THEO diet, the highest survival rate is observed in rainbow trout after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge | (14) | 2019 | |
| THP | 2%, 30 days | Modulates immune response; increases lysozyme, IgM, and complement levels in O. niloticus exposed to insecticide | (13) | 2020 | |
| African catfish | THEO | 500 ppm, 1 month | Reduces thiamethoxam-induced hepatorenal and immunotoxic damage; improves tissue structure in fish organs | (148) | 2020 |
| Rainbow trout | THY | 1–2.5 g/kg | Increases lysozyme and phagocytic activity; reduces mortality from St. iniae challenge in high-dose THY group | (146) | 2022 |
| Shrimp | Microencapsulated THEO | 0.5–1% | At 1% THEO diet, higher survival rates and reduced symptoms of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection are observed in shrimp | (159) | 2018 |