Table 19.
Effects of THY- and THEO-based supplements on digestibility, fermentation, and fatty acid profile in various animal species.
| Animal species | Treatment/THY dose | Duration | Main findings | References | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pigs | EOs blend (18% THY and CIN, 0.01%) | 35 days | Increases dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared with control | (18) | 2012 |
| THY (0.0067% or 0.0201%) | 7 days | No significant effect on fermentation products in the gut | (168) | 2014 | |
| EOs blend (13.5% THY and 4.5% CIN, 0.025%) | 28 days | Enhances apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and energy compared to control | (121) | ||
| THY (100–200 mg/kg) + BA (1,000–2,000 mg/kg) | 42 days | Higher butyric acid concentrations and lower ammonia nitrogen in cecal content | (133) | 2015 | |
| Lippia origanoides-E. caryophyllata EOs (47.5% THY) | N/A | Increases cecal volatile fatty acids in treated groups | (20) | 2021 | |
| Dogs | Yeast cell wall + OEO (0–3 kg/ton) | 20 days | Reduces dry matter digestibility, lowers fecal ammonia | (17) | 2023 |
| Rabbits | THY (250 mg/kg) | 21 days | Increases oleic, monounsaturated, and docosapentaenoic fatty acids in muscle | (120) | 2020 |
| THY (0, 100, 200, and 300 g/T) | Days 35–77 | Increases Lactobacilli and decreases E. coli in cecal microbiota | (172) | 2021 | |
| Dairy cows |
TEHO and THY (50 mg/kg) | 28 days | No changes in volatile fatty acids or NH3 | (171) | 2021 |
| Goats | THY (0–600 mg/L) | 24 h | Reduces total gas and methane production and improves rumen fermentation characteristics | (173) | 2020 |
| Blue foxes | THY (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) | 30 days | The addition of 100 mg/kg THY to the diet significantly increases organic matter digestibility and crude protein digestibility | (150) | 2024 |
| Broiler chickens | THY-CAR blend 1:1 (0, 60, 100, and 200 mg/kg) | N/A | Decreases saturated fatty acids and increases PUFAs in serum and thigh | (125) | 2013 |
| THY (200 mg/kg) | 0–32 days | Tendency to decrease propionic and butyric acid concentrations in cecal content, with no effect on molar ratios of short-chain fatty acids | (22) | 2014 | |
| Encapsulated phytogenic additive (100 mg/kg) | 42 days | Increases digestibility of crude protein in ileum | (162) | 2016 | |
| EO blend with saponins (THY at 1 mg/kg) | N/A | Improves protein and amino acid digestibility in ileum; transcriptomic analyses indicate enhanced macromolecule uptake and metabolism | (163) | 2017 | |
| THEO (0.05–0.1%) | Days 0–28 | No significant differences in fatty acid profile of breast muscle | (59) | 2019 | |
| Encapsulated THTY-CAR (0–120 mg/kg) | N/A | Decreased volatile fatty acids in coccidiosis-challenged chickens | (165) | 2020 | |
| EOs blend (50–400 mg/kg) | 42 days | Higher digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, and ether extract at all levels; crude protein digestibility improves at high doses | (19) | 2021 | |
| Broiler chickens feed | THY (400 mg/kg) | N/A | No changes in fatty acid composition | (167) | 2017 |
| Quail | THY (0.0016 mol/day) | Incubation period | Polyunsaturated fatty acids are provided to embryo at day 4 for synthesis/deposition in membranes | (174) | 2017 |
| THY (0–6.25 g/kg) | 28 days | Decreases saturated and increases PUFAs in high-dose groups | (71) | 2019 |