Table 2.

In vivo toxicity of THY and THY derivatives in different animal models.

Species	Type of study	Compound	Dosage and administration	Observations and results	Conclusion	References	Year
Mice	Acute toxicity	THY and THY acetate	THY: 0, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg THY acetate: 0, 2,000, 2,500, 3,000, and 3,500 mg/kg Single oral dose	THY LD10 is 772.1 mg/kg, LD50 is 1,350.9 mg/kg THY acetate LD10 is 2,522.8 mg/kg, LD50 is 4,144.4 mg/kg	THY acetate displays reduced toxicity compared to THY, indicating a higher safety margin	(47)	2017
	Immunotoxicity	THY	0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. 30-day oral dose	THY alters hydrolysis of adenine nucleotides in serum, spleen, and splenic lymphocytes. It downregulates NTPDase (ATP substrate) and upregulates ADA activity, indicating inflammation and immune toxicity	THY's effect on immune response is linked to its toxicological impact on inflammation	(48)	2018
Chronic toxicity	THY	0, 0.1, and 0.5% Spray into a breathing tank (three treatment sessions of 10 min each, per week for 6 months (26 weeks)	No statistically significant differences are found in the chronic toxicity index for the mice that inhaled high doses of THY and those with no THY inhaled	No significant chronic toxicity differences are observed under long-term repeated exposure to high doses of inhaled THY	(49)	2019
Chicken	Embryotoxicity, estrogenic effects and mutagenicity	THY	Embryonic assay: 50 μg/kg and 500 μg/kg; estrogenic and mutagenicity assays: 1.5 μg/L to 150 μg/L	In the embryo assay, no mortality is observed at either dose, but malformations (curled claw, everted viscera) occur at the higher dose. In the estrogenic assay (MCF-7), weak estrogenic activity is detected. In the Ames test, mutagenicity index (MI) values are 1.4 and 1.3 at 150 μg/L and 1.5 μg/L, respectively, remaining below the genotoxic threshold (MI ≥ 2.0)	Developmental toxicity is observed at a high dose, weak estrogenic activity is detected, and no genotoxicity is observed within the tested concentrations	(50)	2021