Table 22.
Summary of studies evaluating the effects of THY on intestinal morphology in various animal models and hepatic morphology in quails.
| Species | THY dosage/composition | Study duration | Morphological parameters | Significant findings | References | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intestinal morphology | ||||||
| Weaned piglets | 0.01% EO blend (18% THY and CIN) | 35 days | Villus height depth ratio in jejunum | Increases ratio in jejunum for EO blend group | (18) | 2012 |
| 0.025% EO blend (13.5% THY and 4.5% CIN) | 28 days | Villus height | Increases villus height with EO blend | (121) | 2014 | |
| THY (100–200 mg/kg) + BA (1,000–2,000 mg/kg) | 14 days | Villus height depth ratio in jejunum, ileum | Highest ratio at 2,000 mg/kg BA + 100 mg/kg THY | (133) | 2015 | |
| THY-CAR (100 mg/kg) | 7 days | Intestinal morphology | No differences between groups | (15) | 2017 | |
| Lippia origanoides-E. caryophyllata EOs (47.5% THY) | Not specified | Jejunal goblet cells, villus height depth ratio | Increases goblet cells, improves mucus adhesion, and enhances villus/crypt ratio | (20) | 2021 | |
| Blue foxes | THY (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) | 30 days | Villus height, crypt depth | Increases villus height (duodenum, ileum), crypt depth (jejunum), and villus/crypt ratio (ileum) | (150) | 2024 |
| Fattening rabbits | THY supplementation | Not specified | Villus height, crypt depth | Increases villus height, reduces crypt depth | (16) | 2021 |
| Broiler chickens | Dried THEO (0.75% feed) | Not specified | Villus height, crypt depth | Increases villus height and crypt depth | (161) | 2016 |
| 60–120 mg/kg encapsulated EO (50% THY) | 20 days | Villus height depth ratio in ileum | Highest ratio at 120 mg/kg EO | (165) | 2020 | |
| 25 mg/kg EO (THY = 1.02 mg/kg) + saponins | 42 days | Villus height, crypt depth | Increases villus height and villus/crypt ratio | (139) | 2021 | |
| 0.6 g/kg THY + fumaric acid blend | 35 days | Ileal villus height depth ratio | Increases ratio after fasting stress simulation | (170) | ||
| Quail | 200–400 ppm THEO and savory EO (35–33% THY) | Not specified | Villi height in duodenum, jejunum, ileum | Increases villi height, reduces crypt depth in supplemented groups | (141) | 2018 |
| 2–6.25 g THY/kg feed | 30 days | Liver morphology | High occurrence of steatosis, sinusoidal dilation, vascular congestion, low necrosis rate | (71) | 2019 | |
| 80–150 ppm Lippia origanoides EO | Not specified | Villus height, crypt depth | Increases villus height, reduces crypt depth, improves ratio of 150 ppm | (166) | 2021 | |
| Pigeons | 40 mg/kg THY in feed | 15 days | Intestinal morphology, inflammatory response | Intact villi reduce coccidian stages, mononuclear cell infiltration | (143) | 2020 |
| Hepatic morphology | ||||||
| Quail | 2–6.25 g THY/kg feed | 30 days | Liver morphology | High occurrence of steatosis, sinusoidal dilation, vascular congestion, low necrosis rate | (71) | 2019 |