Table 7.
Summary of studies on the antimicrobial efficacy of THY and THEO against various pathogens.
| Pathogen(s) | THY source | Method | MIC | MBC/MFC | Observations | References | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida, A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, A. hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. anguillarum |
Pure THY | Disk diffusion | 0.01–0.32 mg/mL | Not reported | Inhibits growth, including strains resistant to amoxicillin and lincomycin | (77) | 2012 |
|
Streptococcus mutans, St. salivarius, St. sanguinis, St. pyogenes, Enterecoccus feacalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus |
THEO from three different Thymus species (38.5%, 49.10% and 56.02% THY) | Broth microdilution | 2.5–160 g/mL | 5–320 μg/mL | THEO from T. serpyllum shows the strongest activity | (32) | 2013 |
| St. pyogenes | THEO (43.6% THY) | Not specified | Not reported | Not reported | Significant antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes | (78) | |
| E. coli O157 | Pure THY | Cell culture | Not reported | Not reported | Reduces invasion and expression of colonization genes in E. coli O157 | (27) | 2014 |
| Pseudomonas spp. | THEO (77.5% THY) | Not specified | 0.4 mg/mL | Not reported | High sensitivity in all evaluated strains | (79) | |
|
E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae |
THY-enriched hydrogel | Disk diffusion | Not reported | Not reported | Significant activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | (46) | 2018 |
|
Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, S. aureus |
THEO (35.4% THY) | Well diffusion | Not reported | Not reported | Particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria at all tested doses | (80) | 2019 |
| E. coli | Pure THY | Incremental subculture | Not reported | Not reported | Development of tolerance in E. coli with morphological and genetic changes observed | (81) | |
|
S. pseudintermedius, P. aeruginosa, M. pachydermatis |
THEO and OEO (THY and CAR) | Broth microdilution | 0.02–0.25% (200–2,292 μg/mL) | 2 dilutions higher | Superior antimicrobial activity of THY and CAR over THEO and OEO | (82) | |
| S. aureus | THY and derivatives | Broth microdilution | Not reported | Not reported | THY derivatives are effective | (51) | 2020 |
|
E. coli, S. entérica, S. aureus |
Oregano EO (OEO) | Broth microdilution | Not reported | Not reported | Inhibits E. coli and S. aureus growth, reduces microbial load in insect vectors | (83) | |
| E. coli | Pure THY | Incremental subculture | Not reported | Not reported | No resistance was induced in E. coli compared to amoxicillin | (84) | |
|
E. coli, S. enterica |
THY (hydrolytic derivative TBG) | Not specified | Not reported | Not reported | No significant effect of THY on antibiotic susceptibility | (85) | 2021 |
|
Enterococcus faecalis, St. canis, Proteus mirabilis, S. pseudintermedius, P. aeruginosa |
THY, OEO | Not specified | 18.8–9,600 ppm | 37.5–9,600 ppm | All compounds show antimicrobial activity against isolates | (86) | |
|
S. aureus, E. coli, St. uberis |
Pharmaceutical formulation (25% THY) | Broth microdilution | 22.72–45.4 mg/mL | 45.4–90.09 mg/mL | Strong antimicrobial activity against common mastitis pathogens | (66) | 2022 |
|
E. coli, T. pyogenes |
THEO, OEO and CIN | Not specified | >32,768 mg/mL | >32,768 mg/mL | Synergistic effects were observed with combined EOs against T. pyogenes and most E. coli strains | (5) | 2023 |
| Prototheca bovis | THY | Broth microdilution | 0.06 to 0.25% | THY appears effective against Prototheca species, and may be useful for environmental disinfection in barn | (87) | 2024 |