Table 8.
Summary of antiviral activity of THY and THEO against various viruses.
| Virus | THY source | Method | IC50/Effective concentrations | Results | Observations | References | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 | Pure THY | Virion inactivation | IC50: 7 μM | 90% inactivation within 1 h | Electron microscopy shows that the hydrophilic group on the benzene ring is critical for antiviral action; minor effect of aliphatic side chains | (35) | 2012 |
|
Norovirus surrogates, Feline calicivirus, Murine norovirus, Hepatitis A |
Pure THY (0, 0.5, 1, 2%) | Dose-dependent titration | 0.5% and 1% (undetectable FCV titers)/1–2% for Murine norovirus | FCV titer undetectable at 0.5%, 1%; Murine norovirus reduced by 1.66–2.45 log; no effect on Hepatitis A virus | Demonstrates dose-dependent effect for FCV and MNV, but no efficacy against Hepatitis A virus | (38) | 2015 |
| Feline coronavirus (FCoV-II) | THEO (47% THY) | Plaque reduction, quantitative PCR | 27 μg/ml and 270 μg/ml | Reduction of 2 log10 TCID 50/50 μl at 27 μg/ml; virucidal activity up to 3.25 log10 at 270 μg/ml after 1 h | Significant reduction in FCoV-II titer, indicating strong antiviral and virucidal activity | (88) | 2021 |
| Feline calicivirus (FCV) | THEO (47% THY) | Cytopathic effect titration | 194.98 μg/mL (max. non-cytotoxic) to 19,498.40 μg/mL (100-fold over threshold) | No significant reduction in FCV viral titers at any concentration tested | THEO shows no virucidal effect on FCV despite THY content | (39) | 2024 |