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. 2025 Aug 25;15:31188. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11402-2

Table 7.

Test results of contact angle between asphalt and three liquids (°).

RAP dosage Distilled water Glycerol Formamide
With warm-mix agent Without warm-mix agent With warm-mix agent Without warm-mix agent With warm-mix agent Without warm-mix agent
0% 95.2 98.4 80.9 81.2 77.03 77.14
30% 96.1 97.5 80.7 81.0 77.18 77.25
40% 95.7 97.2 80.3 80.6 77.11 77.22
50% 95.5 98.2 80.1 80.7 76.35 76.43