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. 2025 Aug 25;15:31246. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15794-z

Table 11.

Noise analysis applied on different images and compared with recent literature.

Noise Type Ratio Metric Proposed 40
Mandrill Peppers F16 Mandrill Peppers F16
Occlusion Attack 1/4 PSNR 7.677 7.283 6.176 10.425 10.537 10.450
MSE 11101.20 12155.50 15685.60 6508.43 6570.40 6721.35
1/2 PSNR 6.493 6.328 5.183 12.558 12.151 12.116
MSE 14580.20 15144.30 19715.00 478.21 4856.10 4881.20
Gaussian Noise 0.000001 PSNR 8.92697 8.10321 7.98535 7.861 7.840 7.562
MSE 8324.98 10063.7 10340.6 9706.50 9970.20 9991.40
0.000007 PSNR 8.92697 8.10322 7.98535 8.052 8.082 7.852
MSE 8324.98 10063.7 10345.2 9126.10 9117.50 9198.60
Salt and Pepper 0.01 PSNR 8.85161 8.05093 7.93526
MSE 8470.71 10185.6 10460.6
0.1 PSNR 7.283 7.913 7.540
MSE 12155.50 10513.90 11456.60