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. 2025 Aug 25;15:31246. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15794-z

Table 13.

Comparative analysis with counterpart schemes from recent literature.

Image PSNR MAE Entropy CC NPCR UACI
H D V
Peppers Proposed 8.11058 81.8345 7.99887 − 0.00329259 − 0.00567403 0.000306954 99.6068 32.0919
10 8.09611 82.0162 7.99917 0.00532219 − 0.000599774 0.00445526 99.6119 32.1632
18 8.06855 82.3332 0.00157365 0.00494262 − 0.0067555
24 28.5065 7.9985 0.0035 − 0.0001 − 0.0042 99.611 33.471
25 8.1624 81.83799 7.9976 − 0.00021 0.00027 0.00128
26 7.9993 0.0017 0.0017 − 0.0026 99.4133 32.1379
28 8.11813 81.9145 7.99896 − 0.00113946 0.00469114 0.00184432 99.5768 32.1233
29 34.146 7.9971 − 0.0017 0.0064 0.0004 99.62 33.48
30 8.1272 7.9992 − 0.000666 0.0157 − 0.004867 99.6138 33.4485
32 7.9962 0.000866 − 0.0024 − 0.00206 99.6094 33.3844
33 8.12053 81.8107 7.99887 − 0.000938351 0.0017651 − 0.000462341 99.6058 32.0826
34
Mandrill Proposed 8.93273 75.1586 7.9988 0.00307613 0.000809074 − 0.00521955 99.6068 29.474
10 8.93217 75.0714 7.99914 0.000208593 − 0.00393718 0.000522149 99.5967 29.4397
18 8.93145 75.1741 − 0.00286339 − 0.00280182 − 0.00290341
24 24.7007 7.9985 0.0006 − 0.0004 0.002 99.617 33.467
25 8.9283 75.46050 7.9967 − 0.00004 − 0.000021 0.00039
26 7.9971 0.0030 0.0054 − 0.0045 99.3591 28.8010
28 8.92843 75.20998 7.99916 − 0.00290101 − 0.00109368 0.000386728 99.6201 29.494
29 7.9972 99.61 33.52
30
32 7.997 − 0.001833 − 0.000206 0.0003266 99.6099 33.3453
33 8.93971 75.0375 7.99886 − 0.000382536 0.00424926 − 0.0045848 99.6201 29.4265
34 7.9993 0.9227 0.8476 0.8597 99.60 33.40