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. 2025 Aug 25;15:31246. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15794-z

Table 3.

Mathematical definitions of the performance assessment metrics.

Metric Descriptive equation(s)
SSIM Inline graphic where    Inline graphicInline graphicInline graphic
MSE Inline graphic
PSNR Inline graphic
MAE Inline graphic
Entropy Inline graphic
DFT Inline graphic
CC Inline graphic
NPCR NPCR = Inline graphic where    Inline graphic
UACI Inline graphic