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. 2025 Aug 26;13:961. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-03182-1

Table 1.

Mean and standard deviation of video-based learning of learners with different cognitive styles in bullet-screen or bullet-screen-free context

Measurement index Group Field-independent Field-dependent
M SD M SD
learning outcome retention test Bullet-screen-free group 7.34 2.18 9.35 3.05
Bullet-screen group 8.25 2.76 5.70 3.44
Subjective cognitive load Intrinsic cognitive load Bullet-screen-free group 5.55 1.22 6.00 1.12
Bullet-screen group 4.95 1.84 6.50 1.40
Germane cognitive load Bullet-screen-free group 6.73 1.35 7.30 1.30
Bullet-screen group 7.14 1.17 6.70 1.22
Learning satisfaction Bullet-screen-free group 14.82 3.03 15.70 4.54
Bullet-screen group 15.73 2.47 16.20 4.63

Note: the performance of video-based learning includes three indexes, learning outcome, subjective cognitive load and learning satisfaction. And 84 participants (age: M = 21.18, SD = 1.95) were randomly assigned to either the bullet-screen or bullet-screen-free video learning groups based on their cognitive styles