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. 2025 Aug 25;24:1115. doi: 10.1186/s12912-025-03450-w

Table 2.

Pain-related characteristics according to the ODI

Variable Total
(N = 194)
ODI < 12 (n = 141) ODI ≥ 12 (n = 53) Odds ratio (95% CI) p
Current pain VAS score 4.1 ± 2.3 (1–10) 3.6 ± 2.2 5.2 ± 2.1 1.38 (1.18–1.61) < 0.001
Medication for back pain, n (%)
Yes 43 (22.2) 14 (32.6) 29 (67.4) 10.96 (5.06–23.74) < 0.001
No 151 (77.8) 127 (84.1) 24 (15.9) 1 (reference)
Additional body region with pain, n (%)
Shoulder & neck 55 (28.4) 34 (61.8) 21 (38.2) 3.71 (1.60–8.57) 0.002
Other body region 62 (32.0) 41 (66.1) 21 (33.9) 3.07 (1.34–7.03) 0.008
None 77 (39.7) 66 (85.7) 11 (14.3) 1 (reference)
Back pain increased with increased frequency of clinical rotation in departments, n (%)(n = 154)
Yes 102 (66.2) 69 (67.6) 33 (32.4) 2.63 (1.11–6.22) 0.028
No 52 (33.8) 44 (84.6) 8 (15.4) 1 (reference)
Back pain before entering nursing school, n (%)(n = 157)
Yes 79 (50.3) 57 (72.2) 22 (27.8) 0.92 (0.46–1.84) 0.820
No 78 (49.7) 55 (70.5) 23 (29.5) 1 (reference)
Hospitalized for back pain, n (%)(n = 161)
Yes 13 (8.1) 3 (23.1) 10 (76.9) 11.62 (3.02–44.67) < 0.001
No 148 (91.9) 115 (77.7) 33 (22.3) 1 (reference)

A higher ODI indicates greater disability

Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (range) unless otherwise indicated

CI, confidence interval; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; VAS, visual analog scale