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. 2025 Aug 25;24:1115. doi: 10.1186/s12912-025-03450-w

Table 3.

Pain intensity scores across daily activities before and during clinical training based on the ODI

Before clinical training During clinical training
n (%) Mean ± SD
Median (Q1-Q3)
n (%) Mean ± SD median (Q1-Q3) p
Lifting heavy weights
Without extra pain 110 (56.7)

0.9 ± 1.3

0 (0–1)

52 (26.8)

1.5 ± 1.4

1 (0–3)

< 0.001
With extra pain 44 (22.7) 68 (35.1)
Can manage if they are conveniently positioned 11 (5.7) 25 (12.9)
Can lift light weights 14 (7.2) 27 (13.9)
Can lift very light weights 9 (4.6) 14 (7.2)
Unable to lift anything 6 (3.1) 8 (4.1)
Pain when walking
Without limit 147 (75.8)

0.4 ± 0.9

0 (0–0)

100 (51.5)

1.0 ± 1.3

0 (0–2)

< 0.001
Up to a quarter of an hour 29 (14.9) 42 (21.6)
Up to 800 m–10 min 9 (4.6) 23 (11.9)
Up to 400 m–5 min 5 (2.6) 19 (9.8)
With crutches/cane 2 (1.0) 5 (2.6)
When the pain stops 2 (1.0) 5 (2.6)
Pain when sitting
Without restriction 140 (72.2)

0.5 ± 0.9

0 (0–1)

74 (38.1)

1.3 ± 1.2

1 (0–2)

< 0.001
Comfortable chair without restriction 28 (14.4) 38 (19.6)
Up to an hour 14 (7.2) 52 (26.8)
Up to half an hour 8 (4.1) 20 (10.3)
Up to 10 min 4 (2.1) 9 (4.6)
Can’t sit 0 1 (0.5)
Pain when standing
Without restriction 130 (67.0)

0.5 ± 0.9

0 (0–1)

48 (24.7)

1.4 ± 1.1

1 (0–2)

< 0.001
With slight pain 39 (20.1) 68 (35.1)
Up to an hour 14 (7.2) 49 (25.3)
Up to half an hour 8 (4.1) 18 (9.3)
Up to 10 min 1 (0.5) 10 (5.2)
Can’t stand 2 (1.0) 1 (0.5)
Pain during sleep
Without restriction 146 (75.3)

0.4 ± 0.8

0 (0-0.5)

86 (44.3)

0.9 ± 1.1

0 (0–1)

< 0.001
Only with painkillers 30 (15.5) 62 (32.0)
With painkillers- sleep less than 6 h 12 (6.2) 28 (14.4)
With painkillers- sleep less than 4 h 3 (1.5) 13 (6.7)
With painkillers- sleep less than 2 h 2 (1.0) 4 (2.1)
Can’t sleep 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5)

P values are based on the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test

Q, quartile; SD, standard deviation