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. 2025 Aug 25;24:1115. doi: 10.1186/s12912-025-03450-w

Table 4.

Predictors of Oswestry disability indices ≥ 12 via multiple logistic regression

Variable Categories B SE Wald OR 95% CI p
BMI Continuous (per kg/m2) 0.054 0.042 1.651 1.055 0.972–1.145 0.198
Marital status Widowed/Divorced 1.98 0.835 5.618 7.242 1.408–37.238 0.018
Married 1.066 0.412 6.703 2.903 1.296–6.504 0.010
Single - - - 1.0 - -
Additional body region with pain Neck/Shoulder 1.115 0.456 6.002 3.049 1.248–7.449 0.014
Other 0.92 0.454 4.095 2.508 1.030–6.111 0.043
None - - - 1.0 - -
Clinical training-related stress Continuous (per point) 0.568 0.191 8.863 1.765 1.213–2.567 0.003
Increased back pain with increased frequency of clinical rotation between departments -0.945 0.570 2.751 0.389 0.128–1.177 0.097
Constant - -2.963 1.432 4.287 0.052 - 0.039

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error of B

The model incorporated background variables, stress, and pain (N = 194)