Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients
| BCI | Control | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 25 | 23 | |
| Age, years | 58.6 ± 12.8 | 58.3 ± 12.8 | 0.928a |
| Sex | 0.145b | ||
| Female | 5 (20.0%) | 9 (39.1%) | |
| Hemiplegia | 0.571b | ||
| Left | 11 (44.0%) | 12 (52.2%) | |
| Right | 14 (56.0%) | 11 (47.8%) | |
| Time from onset, days | 33.3 ± 18.5 | 41.8 ± 19.1 | 0.124a |
| mAS-elbow flexion | 0.546b | ||
| 0 | 6 (24.0%) | 4 (17.4%) | |
| 1 | 8 (32.0%) | 11 (47.8%) | |
| 1+ | 10 (40.0%) | 6 (26.1%) | |
| 2 | 1 (4.0%) | 2 (8.7%) | |
| mAS-elbow extension | 0.133b | ||
| 0 | 18 (72.0%) | 15 (65.2%) | |
| 1 | 6 (24.0%) | 4 (17.4%) | |
| 1+ | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (17.4%) | |
| 2 | 1 (4.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| FMA-UE | 23.0 (11.0–46.0) | 18.0 (11.0–29.0) | 0.634c |
| Upper limb | 18.0 (11.0–26.0) | 14.0 (11.0-20.5) | 0.944c |
| Wrist | 0.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.733c |
| Hand | 2.0 (0.0–9.0) | 1.0 (0.0-3.5) | 0.901c |
| FMA-LE | 18.0 (11.0–26.0) | 14.0 (11.0-20.5) | 0.664c |
| Upper-speed-Pre (rpm) | 42.52(7.63–62.29) | 45.10(7.73–57.74) | 0.655 a |
| Upper-speed-Post (rpm) | 49.48 (4.98–61.44) | 48.68(7.96–65.17) | 0.882 a |
| Lower-speed-Pre (rpm) | 33.77(3.91–45.08) | 30.53(5.66–40.88) | 0.356 a |
| Lower-speed-Post (rpm) | 35.21(5.67–45.17) | 35.66(29.69–43.13) | 0.850 a |
Values are presented as mean ± SD, median (Q1-–3) or N (%)
FMA-UE Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper extremity motor function, FMA-LE Fugl-Meyer assessment of lower extremity motor function, mAS modified Ashworth Scale, rpm revolutions per minute.
aEvaluated using t test. bEvaluated using chi-square test. cEvaluated using Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test