Table 1.
Baseline and surgical characteristics
| Group | Total study population (n = 67) |
CPB (n = 18) |
m-CPB (n = 15) |
VV-ECMO (n = 28) |
VA-ECMO (n = 6) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender, n (%) | 30 (44.8) | 8 | 7 | 12 | 3 | 0.71 |
| Age (years), median (range) | 47.3 (14–74) | 44.5 (32–69) | 46.7 (47–74) | 49.2 (14–65) | 51.6 (44–63) | 0.53 |
| Weight (kg), median [IQR] | 62.3 [43.2–79.7] | 58.4 [43.2–71.1] | 63.7 [51.8–68.3] | 66.5 [54.2–65.8] | 63.7 [57.2–79.7] | 0.67 |
| BMI (kg/m2) [IQR] | 24.4 [19.8–27.9] | 25.1 [23.6–26.3] | 25.8 [23.7–27.9] | 24.6 [19.8–27.6] | 25.3 [23.6–27.4] | 0.54 |
| FEV1% [IQR] | 40.2 [28.3–63.6] | 33.6 [28.3–48.6] | 35.8 [29.6–52.3] | 36.5 [31.6–63.6] | 35.9 [28.4–50.7] | 0.43 |
| Stenosis rate > 90% | 60(88.1) | 16(88.9) | 13(86.7) | 27(96.4) | 4(66.7) | 0.41 |
| Clinical presentation, n (%) | ||||||
| Cough | 34(50.7) | 8(44.4) | 7(46.7) | 15(53.6) | 4(66.7) | 0.28 |
| Hemoptysis | 18(26.9) | 7(38.9) | 5(33.3) | 4(14.3) | 2(33.3) | 0.49 |
| Hoarse voice | 12(17.8) | 4(22.2) | 2(13.3) | 6(21.4) | 0(0) | 0.53 |
| Wheezing or stridor | 23(34.3) | 8(44.4) | 6(40.0) | 7(25.0) | 2(33.3) | 0.41 |
| Progressive dyspnea | 29(43.3) | 9(50.0) | 7(46.7) | 10(35.7) | 3(50.0) | 0.38 |
| Shortness of breath | 34(50.7) | 10(55.6) | 9(60.0) | 11(39.3) | 4(66.7) | 0.47 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Diabetes | 11(16.4) | 2(11.1) | 3(20.0) | 4(14.3) | 2(33.3) | 0.58 |
| Coronary artery disease | 6(8.9) | 2(11.1) | 2(13.3) | 1(3.6) | 1(16.7) | 0.34 |
| Hypertension | 26(38.9) | 6(33.3) | 5(33.3) | 12(42.9) | 3(50.0) | 0.43 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3(4.5) | 1(5.6) | 0(0. 0) | 2(7.1) | 0(0.0) | 0.38 |
| COPD | 8(11.9) | 2(11.1) | 3(20.0) | 3(10.7) | 0(0.0) | 0.52 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4(6.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 3(10.7) | 1(16.7) | 0.49 |
| Previous surgical history | 3(4.5) | 2(11.1) | 1(6.7) | 0(0. 0) | 0(0. 0) | 0.43 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | ||||||
| Carcinoma | 21(31.3) | 5(27.8) | 3(20.0) | 8(28.6) | 5(83.3) | 0.62 |
| Carcinoid | 13(19.4) | 2(11.1) | 4(26.7) | 7(25.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.65 |
| Tracheal fistulas | 12(17.9) | 4(22.2) | 3(20.0) | 4(14.3) | 1(16.7) | 0.45 |
| Tracheal stenosis | 18(26.9) | 5(27.8) | 4(26.7) | 9(32.1) | 0(0.0) | 0.46 |
| Others | 3(4.5) | 2(11.1) | 1(6.7) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.51 |
| Surgical approach, n (%) | ||||||
| Median sternotomy | 17(25.4) | 6(33.3) | 3(20.0) | 6(21.4) | 1(16.7) | 0.21 |
| Posterolateral thoracotomy | 41(61.2) | 11(61.1) | 10(66.7) | 16(57.1) | 5(83.3) | 0.32 |
| VATS | 9(13.4) | 1(5.6) | 2(13.3) | 6(21.4) | 0(0.0) | 0.14 |
| Resected site, n (%) | ||||||
| Only primary trachea | 29(43.4) | 7(38.9) | 6(40) | 14(50) | 2(33.3) | 0.49 |
| Carina | 38(56.7) | 11(61.1) | 9(60.0) | 14(50.0) | 4(66.7) | 0.56 |
| Type of resection, n (%) | ||||||
| Carinal resection with neocarina | 32(47.8) | 8(44.4) | 9(60.0) | 11(39.3) | 4(66.7) | 0.58 |
| Carinal pneumonectomies | 6(8.9) | 3(16.7) | 0(0.0) | 3(10.7) | 0(0.0) | 0.49 |
| Circular resection/anastomosis | 24(35.8) | 6(33.3) | 4(26.7) | 12(42.9) | 2(33.3) | 0.64 |
| Other | 5(7.5) | 1(5.6) | 2(13.3) | 2(7.1) | 0(0.0) | 0.34 |
CPB cardiopulmonary bypass, m-CPB modified cardiopulmonary bypass, VV-ECMO veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, VA-ECMO veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, BMI body mass index, FEV1% percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, VATS video-assisted thoracic surgery