Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies in the systematic review and Meta-Analysis
| Author, Year | Study Design; Setting | Enrolment | Gestational Reactive Hypoglycaemia Definition | Euglycaemia Definition | Pregnancy Outcomes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose Loading Test | Threshold Value | |||||
| Bayraktar, 2020 [30] | Retrospective Cohort; Turkey | 24–28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test | ≤ 3.9 mmol/l | 3.9–8.5 mmol/l | LBW, caesarean delivery, NICU admission, preterm birth, macrosomia, APGAR score < 7 |
| Bhat, 2012 [31] | Prospective Cohort; India | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | ≤ 4.9 mmol/l | 5-7.8 mmol/l | LBW, NICU admission |
| Budak, 2018 [32] | Retrospective Cohort; Turkey | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 5 mg/dL | 5-7.8 mmol/l | SGA, caesarean delivery, 5-minute APGAR score < 7, preterm birth |
| Calfee, 1999 [33] | Prospective Cohort; USA | ≥ 24 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | ≤ 4.9 mg/dL | 5-7.8 mmol/l | FGR |
| Delibas, 2018 [34] | Retrospective Cohort; Turkey | 25–28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test | < 2.5 mmol/l | Carpenter and Coustan thresholds | SGA, LGA, 5-minute APGAR score < 7, NICU admission, preterm birth, PE |
| Ding, 2023 [35] | Retrospective Cohort; USA | ≥ 24 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4.6 mmol/l | ≥ 4.6 mmol/l | SGA, NICU admission, neonatal hypoglycaemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia, perinatal death, PE, postpartum hemorrhage |
| Duhl, 2000 [36] | Retrospective Cohort; USA | 26–29 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | PG < 4 mmol/l | 5-7.1 mmol/l | SGA |
| Feinberg, 2005 [37] | Retrospective Case Control Study; USA | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4.9 mmol/l | 4.9–7.8 mmol/l | LBW, caesarean delivery, 5-minute APGAR score < 7, NICU admission, preterm birth, neonatal hypoglycaemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia, postpartum hemorrhage |
| Kwon, 2018 [38] | Retrospective Cohort; Korea | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4.8 mmol/l | 4.8–7.2 mmol/l | SGA, LGA, LBW, macrosomia, caesarean delivery, 5-minute APGAR score < 7, NICU admission, preterm birth, polyhydramnios, PE, perinatal mortality |
| Lurie, 1998 [39] | Retrospective Cohort; Israel | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 3.3 mmol/l | 3.3–6.1 mmol/l | Macrosomia, cesarean delivery, polyhdramnios, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia, PE |
| Ma, 1998 [40] | Retrospective Cohort; USA | 24–30 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 5mmol/l | 5-6.7 mmol/l | SGA, LGA, cesarean delivery, NICU admission, neonatal hypoglycaemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia, PE |
| Melamed, 2013 [41] | Retrospective Cohort; Israel | 24–28 weels | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 3.9 mmol/l | 3.9–6.7 mmol/l | SGA, LGA, LBW, macrosomia, FGR, caesarean delivery, 5-minute APGAR score < 7, NICU admission, preterm birth, neonatal hypoglycaemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia, shoulder dystocia, perinatal mortality, PE, postpartum hemorrhage |
| Nayak, 2019 [42] | Retrospective Cohort; UK | 24–28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test | < 3.6 mmol/l | 3.6–7.7 mmol/l | LBW |
| Oawada, 2019 [43] | Retrospective Case Control Study; Japan | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4.2 mmol/l | 4.2–7.8 mmol/l | SGA, LGA, LBW, macrosomia |
| Ong, 2008 [44] | Retrospective Cohort; UK | 27–29 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4 mmol/l | 4.1–7.8 mmol/l | - |
| Pugh, 2009 [45] | Prospective Cohort; USA | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4.9 mmol/l | 4.9–7.8 mmol/l | LBW, macrosomia, FGR, caesarean delivery, 5-minute APGAR score < 7, NICU admission, preterm birth, PE |
| Raviv, 2021 [46] | Retrospective Cohort; Israel | 24–28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test | < 3.3 mmol/l | Carpenter and Coustan thresholds | SGA, LGA, LBW, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, PE |
| Rehman, 2022 [47] | Retrospective Cohort; UK | 24–28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test | < fasting glucose value | Euglycaemia within all values (FPG < 95 mg/dL, 1-hour PG < 180 mg/dL, 2-hour PG < 140 mg/dL on modified IADPSG criteria | SGA, polyhydramions, shoulder dystocia, perinatal mortality |
| Reicher, 2021 [48] | Retrospective Cohort; Israel | 24–28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test | < 3.3 mmol/l | Carpenter and Coustan thresholds | LGA, CS, 5-minute APGAR score < 7, polyhydramnios, PE |
| Rottenstreich, 2018 [49] | Retrospective Cohort; Israel | 24–28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test | < 3.1 mmol/l | > 3.2 mmol/l | SGA, LGA, LBW, macrosomia, caesarean delivery, preterm birth, |
| Shinohara, 2015 [50] | Retrospective Cohort; Japan | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 5 mmol/l | 5-7.8 mmol/l | SGA, preterm birth, caesarean delivery |
| Shinohara, 2016 [51] | Retrospective Cohort; Japan | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 5 mmol/l | 5-7.8 mmol/l | SGA, caesarean delivery |
| Stivers, 2020 [26] | Retrospective Cohort; USA | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4.9 mmol/l | 4.9–7.2 mmol/l | SGA, FGR, LGA |
| Tanacan, 2020 [52] | Retrospective Cohort; Turkey | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4.1 mmol/l | 4.1–7.8 mmol/l | SGA |
| TopÇu, 2016 [53] | Retrospective Case Control Study; Turkey | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4.9 mmol/l | 4.9–7.2 mmol/l | SGA, LGA, LBW, macrosomia, caesarean delivery, NICU admission, preterm birth, polyhydramnios, PE, perinatal mortality |
| Vadakekut, 2010 [54] | Retrospective Cohort; USA | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 4.9 mmol/l | 4.9–7.5 mmol/l | SGA |
| Vemareddy, 2009 [25] | Retrospective Cohort; USA | 24–28 weeks | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 5 mmol/l | 5-7.2 mmol/l | - |
| Yoles, 2021 [24] | Retrospective Cohort; Netherlands | No information | 1-hour Glucose challenge test | < 5 mmol/l | 5-7.8 mmol/l | preterm delivery, LBW, macrosomia |
| Yuen, 2019 [55] | Prospective Cohort; Australia | 24–28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test | < 3.6 mmol/l | Carpenter and Coustan thresholds | caesarean delivery, NICU admission, neonatal hypoglycaemia, perinatal mortality |
| Weissman, 2005 [56] | Retrospective Cohort; Israel | 24–28 weeks | Glucose tolerance test | < 2.8 mmol/l | 2.8–7.2 mmol/l | SGA, LGA, macrosomia, cesarean delivery |
Abbreviations: FGR fetal growth restriction, LBW low birth weight, LGA large for gestational age, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, PE preeclampsia, RR risk ratio, SGA small for gestational age