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. 2025 Aug 26;25:888. doi: 10.1186/s12884-025-08016-x

Table 4.

Subgroup analysis based on plasma glucose threshold value

Pregnancy Outcomes Postload glucose < 5 mmol/l Postload glucose < 4 mmol/l Postload glucose < 3 mmol/l
Pooled RR (95% CI) Pooled RR (95% CI) Pooled RR (95% CI)
SGA 1.49 (1.33, 1.68)** 1.38 (1.09, 1.74)** 2.20 (0.49, 9.87)
LGA 0.74 (0.76, 0.82)** 0.83 (0.71, 0.97)* 0.57 (0.28, 1.18)
LBW 1.35 (1.13, 1.60)** 1.45 (1.22, 1.72)** 5.08 (1.16, 22.23)*
Macrosomia 0.69 (0.61, 0.77)** 0.80 (0.64, 1.01) 0.54 (0.25, 1.15)
NICU admission 1.23 (1.02, 1.49)* 1.40 (0.92, 2.12) 3.39 (1.56, 7.34)**
APGAR score < 7 1.88 (0.96, 3.68) 1.88 (0.96, 3.68) N/A
Caesarean section 0.90 (0.79, 0.96)** 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) 0.80 (0.56, 1.15)
Shoulder dystocia 0.50 (0.24, 1.05) 0.50 (0.24, 1.05) N/A
FGR 1.21 (1.05, 1.41)* N/A N/A
Polyhydramnios 0.94 (0.42, 2.12) N/A N/A
Neonatal hypoglycaemia 1.54 (0.37, 6.44) 7.10 (0.06, 823.09) N/A
Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia 0.82 (0.72, 0.92)** N/A N/A
Perinatal mortality 1.06 (0.73, 1.55) 2.46 (0.28, 21.28) N/A
Preterm delivery 1.16 (0.88, 1.54) 1.17 (0.82, 1.68) 1.71 (0.38, 7.76)
PE 0.90 (0.71, 1.16) 0.93 (0.67, 1.30) N/A
Postpartum hemorrhage 0.59 (0.29,1.20) N/A N/A

Abbreviations: FGR fetal growth restriction, LBW low birth weight, LGA large for gestational age, N/A not applicable, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, PE preeclampsia, RR risk ratio, SGA small for gestational age. Asterisk (*) symbol indicates significant value. 

*= p-value < 0.05; **=p-value < 0.01