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. 2025 Aug 26;25:888. doi: 10.1186/s12884-025-08016-x

Table 5.

Subgroup analysis based on glucose loading test (1-hour glucose challenge test vs. glucose tolerance test)

Pregnancy Outcomes 1-hour Glucose challenge test Glucose tolerance test
Pooled RR (95% CI) Pooled RR (95% CI)
SGA 1.47 (1.31, 1.65)** 1.90 (1.01, 3.58)*
LGA 0.72 (0.65, 0.81)** 0.90 (0.69, 1.18)*
LBW 1.29 (1.08, 1.53)** 1.62 (0.88, 3.00)
Macrosomia 0.69 (0.62, 0.78)** 0.64 (0.43, 0.94)*
NICU admission 1.14 (0.96, 1.36) 2.16 (0.92, 5.10)
APGAR score < 7 1.46 (0.73, 2.89) 1.98 (0.47, 8.24)
Caesarean section 0.86 (0.77, 0.96)* 1.01 (0.83, 1.22)
Shoulder dystocia 0.11 (0.01, 1.77) 0.69 (0.32, 1.49)
FGR 1.21 (1.05, 1.41)* N/A
Polyhydramnios 0.71 (0.27, 1.88) 1.93 (1.17, 3.20)**
Neonatal hypoglycaemia 1.64 (0.28, 9.74) 1.05 (0.36, 2.97)
Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia 0.82 (0.72, 0.92)** N/A
Perinatal mortality 1.04 (0.71, 1.52) 3.16 (0.13, 77.27)
Preterm delivery 1.10 (0.81, 1.50) 1,59 (0.70, 3.58)
PE 0.90 (0.71, 1.16) 0.99 (0.61, 1.61)
Postpartum hemorrhage 0.59 (0.29,1.20) N/A

Abbreviations: FGR fetal growth restriction, GCT glucose challenge test, GTT glucose tolerance test, LBW low birth weight, LGA large for gestational age, N/A not applicable, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, PE preeclampsia, PG plasma glucose, RR risk ratio, SGA small for gestational age. Asterisk (*) symbol indicates significant value

*= p-value < 0.05; **=p-value < 0.01