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. 2025 Aug 26;25:2921. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24396-3

Table 3.

Descriptive characteristics of socio-demographic indicators stratified by PSQI mean scores

Sociodemographic Characteristics N Mean (PSQI) p-value
Age Group a
18–21 493 7.96 0.01
22–25 116 8.90
26–30 22 9.86
Gender b
Female 426 8.56 < 0.001
Male 205 7.45
Living Situation c
With your parents 565 8.16 0.04
In a dormitory with roommates 30 7.17
In a dormitory alone 13 8.38
Alone 16 10.38
With a partner 7 10.57
Work Status c
Part-time/Casual employment 170 8.16 0.70
Unemployed 361 8.06
Full-time employed 78 8.58
Unable to work (disability/invalid) 19 9.53
Level of Education c
Undergraduate 516 8.17 0.95
Graduate 109 8.32
Post-graduate (PhD) 6 8.67
Household Income c
Up to $10,000 139 9.18 0.03
$10,001 - $20,000 98 7.78
$20,001 - $40,000 66 7.85
$40,001 - $60,000 36 9.25
$60,001 - $80,000 24 7.17
More than $80,000 19 8.63

aOne-Way ANOVA

bIndependent Samples t-test

cKruskal-Wallis test