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. 2025 Aug 26;25:2921. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24396-3

Table 8.

Prevalence rate ratio (PRR) of poor sleep quality by sociodemographic characteristics for the whole sample (n = 631)

Sociodemographic Characteristics Mean PSQI PRR Interpretation
Age Group
18–21* 7.96 1.00 Reference group
22–25 8.90 1.12 12% higher prevalence
26–30 9.86 1.24 24% higher prevalence
Gender
Male* 7.45 1.00 Reference group
Female 8.56 1.15 15% higher prevalence
Living Situation
With your parents* 8.16 1.00 Reference group
Dormitory with roommates 7.17 0.88 12% lower prevalence
Dormitory alone 8.38 1.03 3% higher prevalence
Alone 10.38 1.27 27% higher prevalence
With a partner 10.57 1.30 30% higher prevalence
Work Status
Unemployed* 8.06 1.00 Reference group
Part-time/Casual 8.16 1.01 1% higher prevalence
Full-time employed 8.58 1.06 6% higher prevalence
Unable to work (disability) 9.53 1.17 17% higher prevalence
Education
Undergraduate* 8.17 1.00 Reference group
Graduate 8.32 1.02 2% higher prevalence
Post-graduate (PhD) 8.67 1.06 6% higher prevalence
Income Level
$60,001–$80,000* 7.17 1.00 Reference group
$10,001–$20,000 7.78 1.09 9% higher prevalence
$20,001 - $40,000 7.85 1.09 9% higher prevalence
More than $80,000 8.63 1.20 20% higher prevalence
Up to $10,000 9.18 1.28 28% higher prevalence
$40,001 - $60,000 9.25 1.29 29% higher prevalence

*: Reference Group