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. 2025 Aug 26;25:1202. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07803-6

Table 2.

Knowledge level improvement before and after the ORCB program using the paired t-test (n = 15 participants)

Domains Knowledge
Before Skilling (mean ± SD) After Skilling (mean ± SD) Change in mean score (95% CI) P-value
Literature review 2.7 ± 1.1 3.9 ± 0.5 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) < 0.0001
Formulating research questions 2.6 ± 1.1 3.9 ± 0.7 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) < 0.001
Sampling techniques 2.4 ± 1.2 3.5 ± 0.8 1.1 (0.5, 1.6) 0.0007
Manuscript writing 2.3 ± 1.2 3.3 ± 0.9 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) < 0.0001
Study designs 2.2 ± 1.2 3.6 ± 0.8 1.4 (0.9, 1.9) 0.0001
Data collection tools 2.1 ± 1.1 3.6 ± 0.8 1.5 (1.0, 1.9) < 0.0001
Sample size calculation 1.9 ± 1.0 3.1 ± 0.8 1.1 (0.6, 1.6) 0.0003
Data analysis 1.9 ± 0.7 3.2 ± 0.9 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) 0.0002

Legend: SD Standard Deviation, CI Confidence interval