Table 2.
Quality assessments of included studies by using the QUADAS-2 tool
| Study | Risk of bias | Concerns regarding applicability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | |
| Sabrina M. Heman-Ackah et al. 2024 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low |
| Youssef M. Zohdy et al. 2023 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Chih-Yu Kuo et al. 2023 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Unclear |
| Yang Su et al. 2023 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Kunyue Wang et al. 2023 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Christiaan H.B. van Niftrik et al. 2019 | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | High | Unclear | Low |
| Nidan Qiao et al. 2023 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | High |
| J. Lo¨tsch et al. 2017 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | High |
| Jiali Du et al. 2023 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Unclear |
| Chibueze A. Nwaiwu et al. 2024 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | High | Unclear | High |
| Todd C. Hollon et al. 2018 | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Unclear | Unclear |
| Matthew C. Hernandez et al. 2024 | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Unclear | Low |
| Jingwen Zhang et al. 2022 | High | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Dongsong Wu et al. 2023 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Qinxian Zhao et al. 2020 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
| Jiangying Li et al. 2024 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Wenhua Li et al. 2022 | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low |
| Yang Gao et al. 2023 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | High | Unclear |
| Chuanli Liu et al. 2022 | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Unclear | Low |
| Yangda Song et al. 2023 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Rong-yun Mai et al. 2021 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Unclear |
| Hui Qu et al. 2024 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Wenjuan Zhang et al. 2020 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Laura Alaimo et al. 2023 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Yubo Zhang et al. 2023 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Jihwan Park et al. 2024 | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | Unclear | Unclear |
| Ying Zhao et al. 2024 | High | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low |
| Giovanni Catalano et al. 2024 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Joshua S. Jolissaint et al. 2022 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low |
| Qian Li et al. 2023 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Low |
| Jeong Hyun Lee et al. 2024 | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
QUADAS-2 Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2