Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants
| CHARLS | HRS | ELSA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| digital inclusion | digital exclusion | digital inclusion | digital exclusion | digital inclusion | digital exclusion | |
| Total n (observations) | 976(3.8%) | 24,706(96.20%) | 18,926(47.87%) | 20,610(52.13%) | 14,646(66.46%) | 7392(33.54%) |
| Age | 65.76 ± 5.15 | 68.38 ± 6.59 | 70.01 ± 7.35 | 74.73 ± 8.62 | 69.33 ± 6.57 | 75.23 ± 7.88 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 361 (36.99%) | 12,501 (50.60%) | 10,923 (57.71%) | 12,203 (59.21%) | 7701 (52.58%) | 4583 (62.00%) |
| Female | 615 (63.01%) | 12,205 (49.40%) | 8003 (42.29%) | 8407 (40.79%) | 6945 (47.42%) | 2809 (38.00%) |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than lower secondary education | 524 (53.69%) | 23,003 (93.11%) | 711 (3.76%) | 6236 (30.26%) | 2366 (16.15%) | 4104 (55.52%) |
| Upper secondary & vocational training | 319 (32.68%) | 1384 (5.60%) | 11,115 (58.73%) | 12,369 (60.01%) | 8315 (56.77%) | 2935 (39.71%) |
| Tertiary education | 133 (13.63%) | 319 (1.29%) | 7100 (37.51%) | 2005 (9.73%) | 3965 (27.07%) | 353 (4.78%) |
| Marital/partnered status | ||||||
| Unmarried/Divorced/widowed/others | 104 (10.66%) | 5078 (20.55%) | 6167 (32.58%) | 10,056 (48.79%) | 4351 (29.71%) | 3372 (45.62%) |
| Married/with a partner | 872 (89.34%) | 19,628 (79.45%) | 12,759 (67.42%) | 10,554 (51.21%) | 10,295 (70.29%) | 4020 (54.38%) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| No | 681 (69.77%) | 11,734 (47.49%) | 12,292 (64.95%) | 17,222 (83.56%) | 11,096 (75.76%) | 6761 (91.46%) |
| Yes | 295 (30.23%) | 12,972 (52.51%) | 6634 (35.05%) | 3388 (16.44%) | 3550 (24.24%) | 631 (8.54%) |
| Cohabitation with children | ||||||
| No | 623 (63.83%) | 13,953 (56.48%) | 10,052 (53.11%) | 7531 (36.54%) | 12,126 (82.79%) | 6262 (84.71%) |
| Yes | 353 (36.17%) | 10,753 (43.52%) | 8874 (46.89%) | 13,079 (63.46%) | 2520 (17.21%) | 1130 (15.29%) |
| Self-rated health | ||||||
| health | 315 (32.27%) | 5023 (20.33%) | 9391 (49.62%) | 5856 (28.41%) | 6768 (46.21%) | 1935 (26.18%) |
| ill-health | 661 (67.73%) | 19,683 (79.67%) | 9535 (50.38%) | 14,754 (71.59%) | 7878 (53.79%) | 5457 (73.82%) |
| Income | ||||||
| low | 66 (6.76%) | 8492 (34.37%) | 3228 (17.06%) | 9947 (48.26%) | 3621 (24.72%) | 3724 (50.38%) |
| medium | 190 (19.47%) | 8338 (33.75%) | 6119 (32.33%) | 7061 (34.26%) | 4822 (32.92%) | 2525 (34.16%) |
| high | 720 (73.77%) | 7876 (31.88%) | 9579 (50.61%) | 3602 (17.48%) | 6203 (42.35%) | 1143 (15.46%) |
| loneliness | ||||||
| No | 794 (81.35%) | 16,946 (68.59%) | 14,955 (79.02%) | 14,700 (71.32%) | 12,315 (84.08%) | 5501 (74.42%) |
| Yes | 182 (18.65%) | 7760 (31.41%) | 3971 (20.98%) | 5910 (28.68%) | 2331 (15.92%) | 1891 (25.58%) |
CHARLS China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, HRS Health and Retirement Study,ELSA English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) in case of normal distribution and categorical variables are presented as counts (percentages)
Model 3: adjust for Age; Gender; Education; marital/partnered status; employment status; cohabitation with children; Self-rated health; Income