Table 2.
The characteristics of the population after propensity score matching
| CHARLS | HRS | ELSA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| digital inclusion | digital exclusion | Standardized diff. | digital inclusion | digital exclusion | Standardized diff. | digital inclusion | digital exclusion | Standardized diff. | |
| N | 266 | 2660 | 4700 | 4700 | 1428 | 714 | |||
| Age | 65.33 ± 4.84 | 67.42 ± 7.63 | 0.3267 | 68.00 ± 7.11 | 69.29 ± 8.03 | 0.1698 | 66.47 ± 5.47 | 66.57 ± 5.66 | 0.0176 |
| Gender | 0.1336 | 0.0236 | 0.0702 | ||||||
| Male | 116 (43.6) | 1337 (50.3) | 2699 (57.4) | 2644 (56.3) | 728 (51) | 389 (54.5) | |||
| Female | 150 (56.4) | 1323 (49.7) | 2001 (42.6) | 2056 (43.7) | 700 (49) | 325 (45.5) | |||
| Education | |||||||||
| Less than lower secondary education | 233 (87.6) | 2420 (91) | 0.1096 | 352 (7.5) | 678 (14.4) | 0.2234 | 130 (9.1) | 74 (10.4) | 0.0425 |
| Upper secondary & vocational training | 32 (12) | 223 (8.4) | 0.1207 | 3353 (71.3) | 3191 (67.9) | 0.0750 | 1049 (73.5) | 520 (72.8) | 0.0142 |
| Tertiary education | 1 (0.4) | 17 (0.6) | 0.0370 | 995 (21.2) | 831 (17.7) | 0.0883 | 249 (17.4) | 120 (16.8) | 0.0167 |
| Marital/partnered status | 0.1295 | 0.1455 | 0.0273 | ||||||
| Unmarried/Divorced/widowed/others | 43 (16.2) | 564 (21.2) | 1978 (42.1) | 1646 (35) | 452 (31.7) | 217 (30.4) | |||
| Married/with a partner | 223 (83.8) | 2096 (78.8) | 2722 (57.9) | 3054 (65) | 976 (68.3) | 497 (69.6) | |||
| Employment status | 0.0008 | 0.0791 | 0.0294 | ||||||
| No | 145 (54.5) | 1451 (54.5) | 3259 (69.3) | 3085 (65.6) | 1007 (70.5) | 513 (71.8) | |||
| Yes | 121 (45.5) | 1209 (45.5) | 1441 (30.7) | 1615 (34.4) | 421 (29.5) | 201 (28.2) | |||
| Cohabitation with children | 0.2240 | 0.1510 | 0.0240 | ||||||
| No | 149 (56) | 1194 (44.9) | 2363 (50.3) | 2010 (42.8) | 1118 (78.3) | 566 (79.3) | |||
| Yes | 117 (44) | 1466 (55.1) | 2337 (49.7) | 2690 (57.2) | 310 (21.7) | 148 (20.7) | |||
| Self-rated health | 0.0049 | 0.0360 | 0.0239 | ||||||
| ill-health | 79 (29.7) | 784 (29.5) | 1846 (39.3) | 1929 (41) | 655 (45.9) | 319 (44.7) | |||
| health | 187 (70.3) | 1876 (70.5) | 2854 (60.7) | 2771 (59) | 773 (54.1) | 395 (55.3) | |||
| Income | |||||||||
| low | 36 (13.5) | 499 (18.8) | 0.1424 | 1342 (28.6) | 1460 (31.1) | 0.0549 | 420 (29.4) | 223 (31.2) | 0.0396 |
| medium | 90 (33.8) | 779 (29.3) | 0.0980 | 1889 (40.2) | 1819 (38.7) | 0.0305 | 492 (34.5) | 249 (34.9) | 0.0088 |
| high | 140 (52.6) | 1382 (52) | 0.0135 | 1469 (31.3) | 1421 (30.2) | 0.0221 | 516 (36.1) | 242 (33.9) | 0.0470 |
| loneliness | 0.0977 | 0.0482 | 0.0565 | ||||||
| No | 204 (76.7) | 1927 (72.4) | 3539 (75.3) | 3440 (73.2) | 1141 (79.9) | 554 (77.6) | |||
| Yes | 62 (23.3) | 733 (27.6) | 1161 (24.7) | 1260 (26.8) | 287 (20.1) | 160 (22.4) | |||
CHARLS China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,HRS Health and Retirement Study,ELSA English Longitudinal Study of Aging
Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) in case of normal distribution and categorical variables are presented as counts (percentages)
CHARLS (1:10 ratio, caliper=0.01), HRS (1:1 ratio, caliper=0.01), and ELSA (1:2 ratio, caliper=0.01)