Table 3.

Associations between digital exclusion and loneliness

		CHARLS	HRS	ELSA
		OR/β (95% CI) P value	OR/β (95% CI) P value	OR/β (95% CI) P value
loneliness	Model 1	1.69 (1.45, 1.97) <0.0001	1.44 (1.37, 1.51) <0.0001	1.62 (1.49, 1.76) <0.0001
	Model 2	1.36 (1.15, 1.60) 0.0003	1.26 (1.19, 1.33) <0.0001	1.37 (1.25, 1.51) <0.0001
	Model 3	1.22 (1.03, 1.44) 0.0208	1.16 (1.09, 1.23) <0.0001	1.30 (1.19, 1.43) <0.0001
Match	Model 1	1.97 (1.59, 2.43) <0.0001	1.12 (1.02, 1.22) 0.0196	1.32 (1.15, 1.51) <0.0001
	Model 2	1.41 (1.13, 1.77) 0.0024	1.20 (1.09, 1.32) 0.0002	1.30 (1.13, 1.51) 0.0004
	Model 3	1.33 (1.06, 1.67) 0.0150	1.23 (1.11, 1.35) <0.0001	1.23 (1.06, 1.43) 0.0055

CHARLS China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,HRS Health and Retirement Study ,ELSA English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

Model 1: unadjusted

Model 2: adjust for Age; Gender; Education; marital/partnered statusModel 3: adjust for Age; Gender; Education; marital/partnered status; employment status; cohabitation with children; Self-rated health; Income