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. 2025 Aug 26;25:811. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-07230-3

Table 2.

Associations between levels pf psychopathology and case-control group vs. Empathy scores

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
B 95% CI B 95% CI B 95% CI
Empathy: Perspective Taking
GSI -0.70 -1.66 to 0.26 -1.15 -2.14 to -0.17 1.29 -0.69 to 3.28
Group
 Attempted suicide cases -0.01 -1.61 to 1.62 0.57 -1.10 to 2.25 3.23 0.84 to 5.61
 Psychiatric controls 0.01 -1.54 to 1.56 0.17 -1.48 to 1.81 1.00 -1.46 to 3.47
GSI x Attempted suicide cases --- --- --- --- -3.84 -6.26 to -1.42
GSI x Psychiatric controls --- --- --- --- -2.26 -4.78 to 0.25
Empathy: Fantasy
GSI 2.78 1.74 to 3.82 2.10 1.08 to 3.13 3.21 1.11 to 5.32
Group
 Attempted suicide cases -0.26 -2.01 to 1.49 0.40 -1.35 to 2.15 1.39 -1.14 to 3.92
 Psychiatric controls -1.28 -2.96 to 0.40 -1.54 -3.25 to 0.18 -0.92 -3.53 to 1.70
GSI x Attempted suicide cases --- --- --- --- -1.57 -4.13 to 1.00
GSI x Psychiatric controls --- --- --- --- -1.24 -3.91 to 1.43
Empathy: Empathic Concern
GSI 0.13 -0.78 to 1.04 -0.10 -1.06 to 0.85 0.58 -1.38 to 2.53
Group
 Attempted suicide cases 0.25 -1.29 to 1.78 0.61 -1.02 to 2.23 0.83 -1.53 to 3.18
 Psychiatric controls 0.46 -1.01 to 1.93 0.85 -0.75 to 2.44 1.67 -0.76 to 4.10
GSI x Attempted suicide cases --- --- --- --- -0.65 -3.03 to 1.73
GSI x Psychiatric controls --- --- --- --- -1.15 -3.63 to 1.32
Empathy: Personal Distress
GSI 3.47 2.48 to 4.46 2.90 1.87 to 3.93 5.41 3.31 to 7.50
Group
 Attempted suicide cases 1.02 -0.65 to 2.69 1.62 -0.14 to 3.38 3.73 1.21 to 6.26
 Psychiatric controls 1.38 -0.22 to 2.98 1.58 -0.15 to 3.31 3.13 0.53 to 5.73
GSI x Attempted suicide cases --- --- --- --- -3.45 -6.00 to -0.89
GSI x Psychiatric controls --- --- --- --- -2.93 -5.59 to -0.28