Table 4.

Functional insight of yeast species in relation to biocontrol potential

Species	Functions	Reference
H. guilliermondii	Colonizes grape wound sites and inhibits Aspergillus spp. in Thompson Seedless cultivar. Exhibits antagonistic activity against Botrytis cinerea, A. carbonarius, and P. expansum.	[7, 53]
H. uvarum	Acts as a biocontrol agent against B. cinerea, P. expansum, and A. carbonarius through lytic enzyme production that hydrolyzes fungal cell walls. Also effective against A. tubingensis and P. commune.	[7, 54, 55]
P. kudriavzevii	Reduces gray mold in grapes by producing VOCs. Exhibits antagonistic activity against A. niger and A. alternata.	[56, 57]
P. kluyveri	Functions as a bioprotective agent in wine fermentation, reducing the need for sulfites. Shows antagonistic activity against B. cinerea and M. laxa, and inhibits hyphal growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum.	[7, 10]
P. manshurica	Functions as a biocontrol agent for postharvest grape diseases.	[58]
P. terricola	Inhibits Penicillium glabrum, a spoilage fungus in grapes and wine.	[59]
P. sporocuriosa	Identified as part of grape yeast diversity. Functional application not yet well studied	[38]
P. fermentans	Potential to reduce hyphal growth of grape pathogens like B. cinerea and P. expansum.	[7]
M. caribbica	Produces VOCs with antifungal effects against A. fumigatus, F. poae, P. chrysogenum, Mucor spp., and B. cinerea.	[9]
N. nivariensis	Not yet reported in grape environments.
Z. hellenicus	No evidence of biocontrol activity reported.
Z. bailii	No evidence of biocontrol activity reported.
L. thermotolerans	Exhibits antagonistic activity against Mucor, Aspergillus, and Botrytis spp. Controls growth of A. carbonarius and A. niger and reduces ochratoxin A accumulation.	[21, 60]
S. stellimalicola	No evidence of biocontrol activity reported.
C. parapsilosis	No evidence of biocontrol activity reported.
W. sorbophila	No evidence of biocontrol activity reported.
W. anomalus	Acts as a biocontrol agent during winemaking, targeting Dekkera/Brettanomyces via toxin secretion. Antagonistic activity against B. cinerea.	[51, 57]
S. diversa	Exhibits antagonistic activity against a broad range of fungal pathogens, significantly reducing B. cinerea growth.	[61]