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. 2025 Aug 26;25:822. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-07299-w

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants

Variables MIMIC-IV P eICU-CRD P
Non-delirium patients
(n = 3078)
Delirium patients
(n = 630)
Non-delirium patients
(n = 450)
Delirium patients
(n = 79)
Age 68.4 (61.4, 75.2) 73.3 (64.9, 79.3) < 0.01 66 (58, 73) 70 (61, 76.5) 0.05
Sex Male, n (%) 2419 (78.6) 456 (72.4) < 0.01 342 (76) 56 (70.9) 0.41
BMI (kg/m2) 28.3 (25.4, 32.2) 28.1 (25.6, 32) 0.55 29.2 (26.1, 33.5) 29.3 (25.3, 34.6) 0.91
Vital signs
 Temperature, (℃) 36.7 (36.4, 36.9) 36.7 (36.5, 36.9) 0.92 36.3 (35.9, 36.8) 36.3 (35.9, 36.8) 0.92
 Heart rate, (min−1) 80 (74, 89) 81 (76, 88) 0.39 84 (76.2, 90) 89 (80, 96) < 0.01
 Respiratory rate, (min−1) 17 (15, 20.4) 18 (15, 21) 0.12 16 (12, 18) 16 (14, 20.5) 0.04
 Spo2, (%) 98 (96, 100) 99 (97, 100) < 0.01 99 (96, 100) 99 (96.5, 100) 0.24
 Systolic BP, (mmHg) 111 (101, 121) 110 (100, 121) 0.52 112 (103, 125) 112 (106.5, 128) 0.42
 Diastolic BP, (mmHg) 56 (50, 63) 55 (49, 61) < 0.01 64 (57, 71) 64 (60, 70) 0.57
 Mean arterial BP, (mmHg) 73 (67, 80) 72 (66, 79) < 0.01 79 (72, 84) 79 (74, 87) 0.13
Laboratory tests
 WBC, (K/uL) 13.2 (10.3, 16.8) 13.5 (10, 17.8) 0.58 11.9 (9.1, 14.7) 13.2 (9.8, 16.4) 0.07
 Hemoglobin, (g/dL) 10.2 (9.1, 11.3) 9.7 (8.6, 10.8) < 0.01 10.8 (9.5, 12.3) 10.5 (8.9, 11.6) 0.07
 Platelet, (K/uL) 148.5 (122, 182) 139.5 (110, 172) < 0.01 147 (115, 183) 134 (97.5, 158) < 0.01
 Creatinine, (mg/dl) 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) 1 (0.8, 1.3) < 0.01 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) < 0.01
 BUN, (mg/dl) 15 (13, 20) 17 (14, 23) < 0.01 15 (11, 20) 16 (14, 22) 0.01
 Glucose, (mg/dl) 136 (117, 161) 138 (116, 168) 0.15 128 (112, 152.8) 132 (118, 166.5) 0.15
 Sodium, (mEq/L) 136 (134, 138) 136 (134, 138) 0.49 139 (136, 141) 139 (136, 141) 0.99
 Chloride, (mEq/L) 107 (104, 109) 107 (104, 109) 0.14 106 (104, 109) 107 (104.5, 109) 0.26
 Potassium, (mEq/L) 4.4 (4, 4.8) 4.3 (3.9, 4.8) 0.15 4.1 (3.8, 4.4) 4.2 (3.8, 4.6) 0.15
 Magnesium, (mg/dl) 2.4 (2.2, 2.6) 2.5 (2.3, 2.9) < 0.01 2.3 (2, 2.8) 2.3 (2.1, 2.6) 0.92
 Bicarbonate, (mEq/L) 23 (22, 24) 22 (21, 24) < 0.01 23 (22, 25) 23 (21, 24) 0.13
 Anion gap, (mEq/L) 12 (10, 13) 12 (10, 14) < 0.01 8 (7, 9) 8 (7, 11) 0.22
 pH 7.4 (7.3, 7.4) 7.4 (7.3, 7.4) 0.68 7.4 (7.3, 7.4) 7.3 (7.3, 7.4) 0.01
Treatment measures
 MV, n (%) 1791 (58.2) 490 (77.8) < 0.01 328 (72.9) 66 (83.5) 0.06
 Vasopressor, n (%) 2437 (79.2) 560 (88.9) < 0.01 202 (44.9) 38 (48.1) 0.68
 CRRT, n (%) 21 (0.7) 18 (2.9) < 0.01 6 (1.3) 1 (1.3) 1.00
 Dexmedetomidine, n (%) 662 (21.5) 186 (29.5) < 0.01 169 (37.6) 33 (41.8) 0.56
 Propofol, n (%) 3001 (97.5) 616 (97.8) 0.79 19 (4.2) 6 (7.6) 0.24
 Midazolam, n (%) 51 (1.7) 34 (5.4) < 0.01 106 (23.6) 7 (8.9) < 0.01
Scores
 GCS 15 (14, 15) 15 (14, 15) 0.46 14 (10, 15) 12 (9, 15) < 0.01
 SOFA 5 (4, 7) 7 (5, 9) < 0.01 6 (4, 9) 8 (6, 10) < 0.01
 RASS −0.5 (−1, 0) −2 (−4, −0.5) < 0.01 0 (−1, 0) −1 (−2, 0) < 0.01
 Pain 5 (4, 6.5) 5 (3, 6.5) < 0.01 5 (4, 6) 5 (4, 5) 0.42
Comorbidities
 CHF, n (%) 577 (18.7) 236 (37.5) < 0.01 38 (8.4) 7 (8.9) 1.00
 CKD, n (%) 486 (15.8) 179 (28.4) < 0.01 20 (4.4) 6 (7.6) 0.26
 Hypertension, n (%) 1930 (62.7) 318 (50.5) < 0.01 109 (24.2) 21 (26.6) 0.76
 Diabetes, n (%) 774 (25.1) 164 (26) 0.68 100 (22.2) 10 (12.7) 0.07
 Stroke, n (%) 59 (1.9) 18 (2.9) 0.18 24 (5.3) 5 (6.3) 0.79

Abbreviations:BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, WBC white blood cell count, BUN blood urea nitrogen, MV mechanical ventilation, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, RASS Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, CHF congestive heart failure, CKD chronic kidney disease