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. 2025 Aug 26;25:1370. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-06742-4

Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Category Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria
Publication Date Published in between 01/01/2000 to 30/09/2024 without restrictions for language Published before 01/01/2000 or after 30/09/2024
Study Design Studies reporting association analyses using one or more of following socioeconomic variables (family income, parental education level, parental occupational level, household assets, annual household consumption expenditures and SES index) Studies not reporting association analyses using one or more of following socioeconomic variables (family income, parental education level, parental occupational level, household assets, annual household consumption expenditures and SES index)
Population Studies investigating only children and adolescents Studies that included particularly vulnerable or special subpopulations (socioeconomic displacement due to conflicts, strong cultural influences, and ecological influences); Children with specific conditions (e.g. Allergies, cancer, diabetes etc.); have a mental health issue; and have impairments (e.g., visual, audio, and motor)
Analysis Type Studies reporting crude or adjusted analysis Qualitative studies, descriptive studies
Study Quality Published in peer-reviewed journals Conference proceedings, book chapters, grey literature
Representation of population Studies based on whole population data or samples representative of whole populations Studies not representative of whole population
Outcome Measures Studies that use reliable or validated measures for SES or related outcomes of dental service use Studies that do not use reliable or validated measures for SES or related outcomes of dental service use and with significant missing data

The methodology for this literature was informed by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The PECO question (P = Population; E = Exposure; C =Comparison; O = Outcome) was defined in this study as follows: P - Children and Adolescents, E - SES, C - Different SES groups, and O - Dental service utilization