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. 2025 Aug 26;25:1128. doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-07212-3

Table 3.

Effect of different establishment and residue regimes on total organic carbon (TOC)

Treatments TOC (g kg−1)
After Rice After Wheat
0–15 cm 15–30 cm 0–15 cm 15–30 cm
TPR -CTW 4.46 ± 0.03d 3.76 ± 0.03b 4.46 ± 0.01d 3.76 ± 0.02e
TPR- CTW (RI) 4.54 ± 0.07bc 3.82 ± 0.05ab 4.54 ± 0.07bc 3.82 ± 0.01b
TPR-ZTW (RR) 4.53 ± 0.06bc 3.79 ± 0.03ab 4.49 ± 0.02cd 3.79 ± 0.0 cd
TPRAWD - CTW 4.54 ± 0.02abc 3.81 ± 0.01ab 4.53 ± 0.01c 3.81 ± 0.01bc
TPRAWD- ZTW (RR) 4.58 ± 0.02ab 3.83 ± 0.02a 4.58 ± 0.01ab 3.83 ± 0.02b
ZTDSR-CTW (RI) 4.54 ± 0.03bc 3.79 ± 0.03ab 4.53 ± 0.02c 3.79 ± 0.01de
ZTDSR-ZTW (RR) 4.61 ± 0.02a 3.85 ± 0.07a 4.61 ± 0.01a 3.86 ± 0.02a
ZTDSR - CTW 4.48 ± 0.01cd 3.78 ± 0.08ab 4.48 ± 0.01d 3.78 ± 0.02cd

Note: TPR: Puddled Transplanted Rice, CTW: Conventionally Tilled Wheat, ZTW: Zero-tilled Wheat, TPRAWD: TPR with Alternate Wetting and Drying, ZTDSR: Zero-tilled Direct Seeded Rice, RI: Residue incorporation and RR: Residue retention; The mean values sharing any common small cap letters under demark no significant differences in between (p > 0.05) and vice-versa