. 2025 Aug 26;25:1128. doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-07212-3

Table 5.

Effect of different establishment and residue regimes on soil carbon pools at 0–15 cm depth after rice harvest

Treatments	MBC (mg kg⁻¹)			WBC (g kg⁻¹)			POXC (mg kg⁻¹)
Treatments	Tillering	Flowering	Harvest	Tillering	Flowering	Harvest	Tillering	Flowering	Harvest
TPR -CTW	95.3 ± 1.69^f	115.1 ± 2.66^g	95.9 ± 0.71^e	3.39 ± 0.03^b	3.39 ± 0.03^e	3.38 ± 0.02^b	107.8 ± 1.00^ef	111.5 ± 0.80^f	111.9 ± 1.08^f
TPR- CTW (RI)	105.6 ± 1.00^d	121.1 ± 2.48^e	106.5 ± 1.07^c	3.39 ± 0.03^b	3.39 ± 0.01^e	3.39 ± 0.02^ab	109.6 ± 0.38^de	114.9 ± 0.61^de	118.2 ± 2.85^d
TPR-ZTW (RR)	107.7 ± 0.83^c	127.5 ± 0.65^c	108.6 ± 2.36^c	3.41 ± 0.02^ab	3.40 ± 0.01^de	3.40 ± 0.03^ab	110.6 ± 0.96^d	121.1 ± 2.09^d	122.4 ± 4.44^cd
TPRAWD - CTW	95.6 ± 0.93^f	115.4 ± 1.02^g	98.3 ± 3.89^de	3.40 ± 0.01^ab	3.41 ± 0.01^cde	3.40 ± 0.02^ab	104.9 ± 2.16^f	113.9 ± 1.28^de	112.7 ± 0.42^ef
TPRAWD- ZTW (RR)	124.3 ± 0.77^b	141.3 ± 1.52^b	125.5 ± 2.68^b	3.41 ± 0.03^ab	3.41 ± 0.02^bcd	3.41 ± 0.03^ab	131.8 ± 0.28^b	134.9 ± 0.26^b	135.6 ± 1.03^b
ZTDSR-CTW (RI)	105.4 ± 1.16^d	125.0 ± 1.05^d	108.9 ± 5.76^c	3.42 ± 0.02^a	3.42 ± 0.02^ab	3.43 ± 0.02^a	118.6 ± 0.84^c	123.8 ± 0.79^c	123.4 ± 14.48^c
ZTDSR-ZTW (RR)	132.8 ± 2.14^a	156.2 ± 1.27^a	134.2 ± 0.67^a	3.42 ± 0.02^a	3.43 ± 0.01^a	3.43 ± 0.02^a	134.9 ± 3.44^a	138.9 ± 1.54^a	139.2 ± 1.13^a
ZTDSR - CTW	98.2 ± 0.60^e	117.3 ± 0.42^f	100.1 ± 3.62^d	3.42 ± 0.02^e	3.42 ± 0.01^abc	3.43 ± 0.02^a	110.8 ± 1.37^de	113.3 ± 1.24^e	116.6 ± 2.23e

Note: TPR: Puddled Transplanted Rice, CTW: Conventionally Tilled Wheat, ZTW: Zero-tilled Wheat, TPRAWD: TPR with Alternate Wetting and Drying, ZTDSR: Zero-tilled Direct Seeded Rice, RI: Residue incorporation and RR: Residue retention; The mean values sharing any common small cap letters under demark no significant differences in between (p > 0.05) and vice-versa