Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author, Year | Study Design | Comparators | Sample size | Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Gestational weeks | Regimen of Intervention | Dose of Intervention | Form of intervention | Administration duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pellonperä, O. 2020 [42] | Db-RCT | probiotics + placebo | 109 | 29.9 ± 4.7 | 13.7 ± 2.1 | Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420 | 1010 CFU | capsule | From the randomisation to the end of pregnancy |
| placebo + placebo | 110 | 29.7 ± 4.2 | 13.9 ± 2.0 | microcrystalline cellulose | - | ||||
| Lindsay, K. L.2014 [43] | Db-RCT | probiotic | 63 | - | 13.8 ± 2.3 | Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118 | 109 CFU | capsule | From 24 weeks’ gestation to 28 weeks’ gestation |
| placebo | 75 | - | 13.9 ± 2.4 | - | - | ||||
| Callaway, L. K.2019 [44] | Db-RCT | probiotic | 204 | 31.9 ± 7.5 | - | Lactobacillus rhamnosus(LGG) and Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis(BB-12) | > 109 CFU | capsule | From < 20 weeks’ gestation until birth |
| placebo | 207 | 31.6 ± 7.2 | - | microcrystalline cellulose and dextrose anhydrate capsules | - | ||||
| Halkjar, S. I.2019 [45] | Db-RCT | probiotic | 25 | 31.7 ± 1.8 | 15.5 ± 1.5 | Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 24,731, bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium breve DSM 24,732, Bifidobacterium longum DSM 24,736, Bifidobacterium infantis DSM 24,737) and lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 24,735, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 24,730, Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 24,733, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 24,734) | 450 billion CFU | capsule | From14 − 20 weeks’ gestation until birth |
| placebo | 25 | 32.1 ± 1.3 | 15.1 ± 1.4 | microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide | - | ||||
| Saros, L.2023 [46] | Db-RCT | probiotics + placebo | 81 | 28.4 (26.5; 31.0) | 13.8 ± 2.1 | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420 | 1010 CFU | capsule | From enrollment(13.9 ± 2.1 gestational weeks) until 6 months postpartum |
| placebo + placebo | 85 | 9.2 (26.5; 31.8) | 13.9 ± 2.0 | microcrystalline cellulose | - | ||||
| Pellonperä, O.2019 [47] | Db-RCT | probiotics + placebo | 109 | 29.9 ± 4.7 | 13.7 ± 2.1 | Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420 | 1010 CFU | capsule | From < 18 gestational weeks to 6 months postpartum |
| placebo + placebo | 110 | 29.7 ± 4.2 | 13.9 ± 2.0 | microcrystalline cellulose | - | ||||
| Asgharian, H.2019 [48] | Db-RCT | Probiotic yoghurt | 65 | 29.2 ± 3.3 | - | Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 + Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus | 5 × 1010+109 CFU | yoghurt | From 24 weeks of gestation until delivery |
| Conventional yoghurt | 65 | 30.3 ± 4.1 | - | Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus | 109 CFU | ||||
| Okesene-Gafa, K.2019 [49] | 2 × 2 factorial, RCT | probiotic | 115 | 38.9 ± 6.5 | 15.2 ± 1.8 | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 | minimum 6.5 × 109 CFU | capsule | From 12–17 weeks’ gestation until delivery |
| placebo | 115 | 38.2 ± 5.7 | 15.1 ± 1.8 | microcrystalline cellulose and dextrose anhydrate | - |