Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Variable | OFA Group (n = 59) | OBA Group (n = 55) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 65.2 ± 5.4 | 64.8 ± 5.6 | 0.62 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.8 ± 3.5 | 27.1 ± 4.0 | 0.54 |
| ASA Physical Status, n (%) | 0.93 | ||
| II | 32 (54.2%) | 30 (54.5%) | |
| III | 27 (45.8%) | 25 (45.5%) | |
| Baseline MoCA Score, mean ± SD | 25.0 ± 2.0 | 24.7 ± 2.3 | 0.70 |
| Preoperative Opioid Use, n (%) | 2 (3.4%) | 3 (5.5%) | 0.69 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 18 (30.5%) | 16 (29.1%) | 0.80 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 10 (16.9%) | 9 (16.4%) | 0.88 |
| Coronary Artery Disease, n (%) | 6 (10.2%) | 5 (9.1%) | 0.91 |
| Smoking Status, n (%) | |||
| Current | 5 (8.5%) | 6 (10.9%) | 0.58 |
| Former | 12 (20.3%) | 10 (18.2%) | 0.79 |
| Never | 42 (71.2%) | 39 (70.9%) | — |
| Previous Abdominal Surgery, n (%) | 14 (23.7%) | 12 (21.8%) | 0.81 |
Legend: Values are mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%). Continuous variables with normal distribution were compared with independent‑samples Student t tests; skewed continuous variables with the Mann–Whitney U test; categorical variables with the χ² test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate
Abbreviations: ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI Body‑mass index, IQR Inter‑quartile range, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, OFA Opioid‑free anesthesia, OBA Opioid‑based anesthesia, SD Standard deviation