Table 2.
Intraoperative data
| Variable | OFA | 95% CI | OBA | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Durations | |||||
| Surgery, min (median [IQR]) | 135 (120–155) | 128–142 | 140 (125–160) | 133–147 | 0.42 |
| Anesthesia, min (mean ± SD) | 160 ± 25 | 154–166 | 165 ± 28 | 158–172 | 0.35 |
| Fluid & blood loss | |||||
| Crystalloid, mL (median [IQR]) | 1,200 (1,000–1,500) | 1,098–1,302 | 1,300 (1,000–1,500) | 1,194–1,406 | 0.70 |
| Estimated blood loss, mL (median [IQR]) | 80 (50–120) | 66–94 | 85 (50–130) | 68–102 | 0.58 |
| Hemodynamics | |||||
| MAP, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 82 ± 9 | 80–84 | 85 ± 10 | 83–87 | 0.10 |
| Heart rate, bpm (mean ± SD) | 68 ± 6 | 67–69 | 73 ± 7 | 72–75 | < 0.01 |
| Analgesic/adjunct doses | |||||
| Esketamine, mg (mean ± SD) | 75 ± 15 | 71–79 | 0 | — | — |
| Dexmedetomidine, µg | 70 ± 20 | 65–75 | 0 | — | — |
| Opioids, mg morphine equiv. | 0 | — | 20 ± 5 | 19–21 | < 0.001 |
| Adjunct medications, n (%) | |||||
| Nonopioid analgesic | 49 (83.1) | 72–91 | 45 (81.8) | 70–90 | 0.90 |
| Antiemetic | 45 (76.3) | 64–86 | 40 (72.7) | 60–83 | 0.72 |
| Vasopressor used | 12 (20.3) | 11–32 | 8 (14.5) | 6–26 | 0.47 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%). Means were compared with independent‑samples Student t tests and medians with the Mann–Whitney U test; categorical variables were analyzed with the χ² or Fisher’s exact test. 95% CIs accompany all non‑zero group means, medians (Harrell–Davis), and proportions (Wilson). CI is not shown for variables that were structurally zero by study design (e.g., esketamine dose in the OBA group)
Abbreviations: bpm Beats per minute, CI Confidence interval, HR Heart rate, IQR Inter‑quartile range, MAP Mean arterial pressure, ME Morphine equivalents, OFA Opioid‑free anesthesia, OBA Opioid‑based anesthesia, SD Standard deviation