Table 3.

Primary outcome: bowel function

Outcome	OFA	95% CI	OBA	95% CI	p
Time to first bowel movement, h (median [IQR])	42 (38–48)	40–44	49 (42–56)	46–52	< 0.01
Postoperative ileus, n (%)	4 (6.8%)	2–17	8 (14.5%)	6–26	0.07
Time to passage of flatus, h	30 (25–35)	28–32	35 (30–40)	33–37	0.02
Nasogastric tube required, n (%)	2 (3.4%)	0–10	5 (9.1%)	3–19	0.21
Prokinetic use, n (%)	3 (5.1%)	1–14	7 (12.7%)	5–24	0.16

Medians (IQR) for time‑to‑event outcomes were compared with the Mann–Whitney U test; categorical endpoints with the χ² or Fisher’s exact test. Ninety‑five percent CIs for medians and median differences were derived with the Harrell–Davis method; CIs for proportions use the Wilson method

CI for medians: Harrell–Davis; CI for proportions: Wald

Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, IQR Inter‑quartile range, NG Nasogastric, OFA Opioid‑free anesthesia, OBA Opioid‑based anesthesia