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. 2025 Aug 26;25:1375. doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-14801-w

Table 3.

Association of skin autofluorescence with incident cancer in individuals without type 2 diabetes at baseline

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
HR (95% CI) HR (95%CI) HR (95%CI)
SAF (AU) 2.33 (2.23–2.43) *** 1.14 (1.08–1.21) *** 1.11 (1.05–1.18) ***
Age (yrs) 1.05 (1.05–1.06) *** 1.06 (1.05–1.06) ***
Female sex 1.21 (1.16–1.26) *** 1.29 (1.23–1.37) ***
BMI (kg/m2) 0.97 (0.96–0.98) ***
Waist (cm) 1.00 (1.00-1.01) *
Pack-years of smoking (n) # 1.12 (1.07–1.16) ***
Alcohol intake (g/day) # 1.07 (1.03–1.12) **
Presence of metabolic syndrome 1.06 (0.98–1.14)

Model 1 is a crude Cox proportional hazards model for examining the relationship (hazard ratio) between SAF and the occurrence of cancer; Model 2 adjusts for age and sex, and Model 3 adjusts for age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, pack- years of smoking, alcohol intake, and the presence of the metabolic syndrome

Model 1 & 2 n = 75,678, model 3 n = 70,075 due to missing measurements

# log-transformed; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

BMI, body mass index; SAF, skin autofluorescence