Table 2.

Verb Recall in Sentences: main-effects model results (N = 27, observations = 216).

Variable	Main effects: no covariates					Main effects: with covariates
	b	95% CI		b*	p	b	95% CI		b*	p
Fixed effects
Group (DLD vs. TD)	−0.56	−1.84	0.72	−0.24	.389	−0.98	−2.59	0.64	−0.42	.236
Condition (RSR vs. RS)	1.09	0.54	1.64	0.47	.000	1.09	0.55	1.63	0.47	.000
Item (learn vs gen)	0.09	−0.01	0.20	0.04	.091	0.09	−0.02	0.20	0.04	.101
Time (1 wk vs. 5 min)	0.37	0.07	0.67	0.16	.016	0.37	0.06	0.68	0.16	.019
Covariates
PPVT						−0.03	−0.08	0.02	−0.01	.271
Mother's education						0.18	−0.07	0.43	0.08	.156
Intercept	3.41	2.34	4.48		.000	3.65	−3.42	10.71		.312
Random effects	σ2					σ2
Condition	3.39	2.09	5.52			3.40	2.11	5.47
Time	0.85	0.18	3.96			0.85	0.18	3.91
Intercept	4.27	2.56	7.15			4.21	2.53	7.01
Residual	0.41	0.27	0.64			0.41	0.27	0.63

Note. N = 27, observations = 216 (we used bootstrapped standard errors with 1,000 replicates). Effects (b) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that do not include 0 are statistically significant at α = .05. b is the unstandardized coefficient; b* is the partially standardized coefficient where the outcome is in standard deviation units. σ² is the estimated variance of the random effect. The fixed-effects intercept is the estimate mean of the outcome when all model covariates are zero. The random-effects intercept is the estimated between-participants variation in the outcome means conditioned on the model covariates. DLD = children with developmental language disorder; TD = age-matched children with typical language development; RSR = repeated spaced retrieval condition; RS = repeated study condition; learn vs. gen = learned vs. generalization; wk = week; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fifth Edition.