Table 3.

Verb Recall in a New Structure: main-effects model results (N = 27, observations = 54).

Variable	Main effects: no covariates					Main effects: with covariates
	b	95% CI		b*	p	b	95% CI		b*	p
Fixed effects
Group (DLD vs. TD)	−3.38	−6.27	−0.49	−0.65	.022	−3.06	−6.43	0.31	−0.59	.075
Condition (RSR vs. RS)	1.22	−0.08	2.52	0.24	.065	1.22	−0.12	2.56	0.24	.073
Covariates
PPVT						−0.01	−0.12	0.11	0.00	.900
Mother's education						0.65	0.09	1.21	0.12	.024
Intercept	8.20	6.19	10.21		.000	−2.19	−17.80	13.43		.784
Random effects	σ2					σ2
Intercept	18.41	10.22	33.18			16.39	9.27	28.97
Residual	6.55	4.09	10.50			6.55	4.08	10.51

Note. N = 27, observations = 54 (we used bootstrapped standard errors with 1,000 replicates). Effects (b) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that do not include 0 are statistically significant at α = .05. b is the unstandardized coefficient; b* is the partially standardized coefficient where the outcome is in standard deviation units. σ² is the estimated variance of the random effect. The fixed-effects intercept is the estimate mean of the outcome when all model covariates are zero. The random-effects intercept is the estimated between-participants variation in the outcome means conditioned on the model covariates. DLD = children with developmental language disorder; TD = age-matched children with typical language development; RSR = repeated spaced retrieval condition; RS = repeated study condition; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fifth Edition.