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. 2025 Jul 30;12:1610598. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1610598

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Copyright © 2025 Wu, Chen, Feng and Cheng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart outlining the process for adapting the TEMS to Chinese. Steps include obtaining authorization, forward and backward translation, expert consultation, and linguistic adaptation. It results in successive versions: TEMS-1, TEMS-2, TEMS-3, and a culturally adapted version. Steps involve research team discussions, modifications, cognitive interviews, and data analysis, ending with reliability and validity testing. — Illustration of the proceedings in the translation and linguistic validation of TEMS.