Table 4.

First-round cognitive interview results (n = 10).

Original item	Frequency	Verbal probe type	Interview findings	Modification plan	Revised item
(Introduction) I eat certain foods because:	6	Observational probes	Researchers observed that less educated respondents needed to pause and reread the sentence in question or take breaks to think. After completing the questionnaire, the researchers inquired about the reasons behind this behavior. The respondents stated that they found the sentence’s logical structure difficult to understand in Chinese. (1. P1–P3, 1. P7, 1. P9, and 1. P10)	After the research team discussion, the sentence was modified to be more conversational and easier to understand, ensuring the meaning remained unchanged.	The reason I eat is:
1. Because I’m very hungry.	4	Comprehensive probes	The respondents’ understanding of “very hungry” is: “Because I am very hungry, I cannot bear to eat food”. (1. P4, 1. P6) “I often eat frequently, although I’m just a little bit hungry.” (1. P1, 1. P9)	There was a misunderstanding bias. After the research team discussion, the original meaning of this sentence is to eat out of hunger motivation, but it does not emphasize the degree of hunger. Thus, “very” was deleted.	Because I’m hungry.
6. Because it’s low calorie.	6	Comprehensive probes	Some respondents with low education levels said they could not understand the meaning of “calories” in Chinese. (1. P2–P3, 1. P10)	After the discussion, the word “low-calorie” in this sentence was too specialized in Chinese, so a statement was added to illustrate it.	Because it is a low-calorie food. (It is not easy to get fat.)
9. Because it’s popular.	3	Comprehensive probes	The respondents’ understanding of “popular” was “internet celebrity food,” which was recommended online. (1. P4–P6)	There was a misunderstanding related to the term “popular” in this context, which refers to food that people around them recommend or love to eat. After a discussion, the research team added a statement to further clarify the “popular” concept.	Because it is so popular. (People around are eating it.)
11. To meet the needs of certain occasions.	3	Comprehensive probes	Respondents said, “I do not understand what specific occasions refer to. Could you give an example?” (1. P2, 1. P7, and 1. P9).	After discussing with the research team, these words were added for clarification.	To meet the needs of certain occasions (e.g., social engagement, parties)
18. Because it brings a pleasant feeling of fullness.	5	Comprehensive probes	Low-educated respondents said, “Although I could understand the sentence’s meaning, I suggested modifying the word “pleasure,” which was not easy to understand in Chinese (1. P1–P3, 1. P10).” Suggest replacing “pleasant” with “makes me happy” (1. P4)	After discussion by the research team, the word “pleasure” was too formal in Chinese, so it was changed to a colloquial expression.	Because eating it makes me feel full and happy.
19. Because it would be rude not to eat.	2	Comprehensive probes	Respondents indicated that they would like to give examples of “impolite” behavior (1. P1–P2).	After the discussion, examples were provided in brackets to help the subjects understand, in line with Chinese traditional culture.	Because it would be rude not to eat (e.g., someone else serves me food).
24. Because of its attractive appearance (e.g., outer packing).	2	Retrieval probes	Respondents said, “I usually buy food in the market if it looks good, I will buy it, even if it is not packaged (1. P4, 1. P7).”	After the discussion, it is customary in Chinese culture to buy vegetables and fruits in the market, some of which do not have outer packaging. Thus, the word “presentation” was added for further explanation.	Because it is attractive (such as presentation, and packaging).
39. To “kaolao” myself.	4	Comprehensive probes	Respondents found it difficult to understand the meaning of “kaolao” in Chinese which meant “reward” in English (1. P2–P3). The word “kaolao” is too formal (1. P8).	After discussion, “kaolao” was too written in Chinese culture, and the more understandable word “jiangli” in Chinese was changed. (“kaolao” and “jiangli” in Chinese both mean “reward” in English.)	To “jiangli” myself.
Scale overall font size, and layout.	3	General probes	Subjects reported a small font size and difficulty reading. “It’s difficult for me to read in this small font size.” (2. P4, 2. P6, and 2. P7).	After a literature review and discussion by the research team, the overall font of the scale was enlarged by one time, from “Song typeface small 4” to “Song typeface times 4,” and the line spacing was changed from 1.0 times to 1.5 times.	Scale font changed to “Song typeface times 4,” 1.5 times line spacing.