Table 5.

Second-round cognitive interview results (n = 8).

Original item	Frequency	Verbal probe type	Interview findings	Modification plan	Revised item
5. Because I feel frustrated.	4	Observational probes	The researchers observed that respondents with lower education levels paused slightly when answering this question. After completing the questionnaire, the researchers were asked for the reasons. Respondents said, “The word ‘frustrated’ was not common in Chinese daily life, and it was difficult to understand its meaning for low-educated people like me (2. P4-P7).”	After discussion, “frustrated” was written more in Chinese culture and was difficult to understand. The wording was modified to a colloquial expression to ensure the same semantics.	Because I feel defeated.
27. For accompanying meals.	3	Comprehensive probes	Respondents indicated that the sentence was not easy to understand and suggested modifying the word order of the sentence and the word “accompany” (1. P1–P2, 1. P10).	After discussing it, we realized that the sentence was too formal in Chinese culture, so we adjusted the word order and changed it to a more casual expression.	To have someone to eat with.
34. Because it can make the atmosphere of social gatherings more comfortable.	3	Comprehensive probes	Respondents expressed a desire to provide examples of specific behaviors that “create a more comfortable atmosphere” (1. P1–P2, 1. P4).	After the discussion, examples are given in brackets to make the contents easier for the subjects to understand.	Because it can make the atmosphere of social gatherings more comfortable (e.g., drinking at parties)
38. Because it’s low-fat food.	3	Comprehensive probes	Respondents indicated that the term “low-fat food” was not commonly used in Chinese daily communication and was somewhat difficult to understand (2. P5–P7).	After discussion, a simpler expression was revised on the premise of keeping the semantics unchanged.	Because it contains less fat.